NDT介绍包括(MTUTVTPT)国际著名培训机构编写的培训资料[1]

IntroductiontoNondestructiveTestingForIPPSAgenda•IntroductiontoNDT•OverviewofSevenMostCommonNDTMethods•ApplicationsTheuseofnondestructivetechniquestodeterminetheintegrityofamaterial,component,orstructure.Toinspectormeasurewithoutdoingharm.DefinitionofNDTMethodsofNDT•Visual•MagneticParticle•X-ray•LiquidPenetrant•Ultrasonic•EddyCurrent•ChemicalCompositionWhatareSomeUsesofNDTMethods?•FlawDetectionandEvaluation•LeakDetection•LocationDetermination•DimensionalMeasurements•EstimationofMechanicalandPhysicalPropertiesFluorescentpenetrantindicationWhenareNDTMethodsUsed?–Toassistinproductdevelopment–Toscreenorsortincomingmaterials***–Tomonitor,improveorcontrolmanufacturingprocesses***–Toverifyproperprocessingsuchasheattreating–Toverifyproperassembly–Toinspectforin-servicedamageThereareNDTapplicationatalmostanystageintheproductionorlifecycleofacomponent.SevenMostCommonNDTMethods•Visual•LiquidPenetrant•MagneticParticle•X-ray•EddyCurrent•Ultrasonic•ChemicalCompositionMostbasicandcommoninspectionmethod.Toolsincludefiberscopes,borescopes,magnifyingglassesandmirrors.Roboticcrawlerspermitobservationinhazardousortightareas,suchasairducts,reactors,pipelines.Portablevideoinspectionunitwithzoomallowsinspectionoflargetanksandvessels,railroadtankcars,sewerlines.VisualInspection•Aliquiddyeisappliedtothesurfaceofthepartandallowedtimetoseepintosurfacebreakingdefects.•Theexcessliquidisremovedfromthesurfaceofthepart.•Adeveloper(powder)isappliedtopullthetrappedpenetrantoutthedefectandspreaditonthesurfacewhereitcanbeseen.•Visualinspectionisthefinalstepintheprocess.ThepenetrantusedisoftenloadedwithafluorescentdyeandtheinspectionisdoneunderUVlighttoincreasetestsensitivity.LiquidPenetrantInspectionMagneticParticleInspectionThepartismagnetized.Finelymilledironparticlescoatedwithadyepigmentarethenappliedtothespecimen.Theseparticlesareattractedtomagneticfluxleakagefieldsandwillclustertoformanindicationdirectlyoverthediscontinuity.Thisindicationcanbevisuallydetectedunderproperlightingconditions.MagneticParticleCrackIndicationsRadiographyTheradiationusedinradiographytestingisahigherenergy(shorterwavelength)versionoftheelectromagneticwavesthatweseeasvisiblelight.TheradiationcancomefromanX-raygeneratororaradioactivesource.HighElectricalPotentialElectrons-+X-rayGeneratororRadioactiveSourceCreatesRadiationExposureRecordingDeviceRadiationPenetratetheSampleFilmRadiographyTopviewofdevelopedfilmX-rayfilmThepartisplacedbetweentheradiationsourceandapieceoffilm.Thepartwillstopsomeoftheradiation.Thickerandmoredenseareawillstopmoreoftheradiation.=moreexposure=lessexposureThefilmdarkness(density)willvarywiththeamountofradiationreachingthefilmthroughthetestobject.RadiographicImagesConductivematerialCoilCoil'smagneticfieldEddycurrentsEddycurrent'smagneticfieldEddyCurrentTestingEddyCurrentTestingEddycurrenttestingisparticularlywellsuitedfordetectingsurfacecracksbutcanalsobeusedtomakeelectricalconductivityandcoatingthicknessmeasurements.Hereasmallsurfaceprobeisscannedoverthepartsurfaceinanattempttodetectacrack.Highfrequencysoundwavesareintroducedintoamaterialandtheyarereflectedbackfromsurfacesorflaws.Reflectedsoundenergyisdisplayedversustime,andinspectorcanvisualizeacrosssectionofthespecimenshowingthedepthoffeaturesthatreflectsound.fplatecrack0246810initialpulsecrackechobacksurfaceechoOscilloscope,orflawdetectorscreenUltrasonicInspection(Pulse-Echo)ChemicalCompositionorPositiveMaterialIdentification(PMI)•Opticalemissionsystems(OES),alsocalledarc/spark,usesanarcorasparktovaporizethesample,excitingtheatomsandionsintoemissionofradiation.Thisemittedradiationthenpassesthroughanopticalfiberandisdispersedintoitsspectralcomponents.Aphoto-multipliertube(PMT)measurestherangeofwavelengthsemitted•x-rayfluorescence(XRF)usesX-raysemittedfromanX-raytubeoraradioisotopetoexcitetheatomsofthesamplematerial.Anelectronisejected,causingasecondtofallintoitsvoidandenergyisreleased.Adetectorwithintheinstrumentusestheenergyleveltodeterminetheelement.CommonApplicationofNDT•InspectionofRawMaterial•InspectionFollowingSecondaryProcessing•In-ServicesDamageInspectionInspectionofRawProducts•Forgings•Castings•Extrusions•Plate•Machining•Welding•Grinding•Heattreating•PlatingInspectionFollowingSecondaryProcessing•Cracking•Corrosion•Erosion/Wear•HeatDamageInspectionForIn-ServiceDamagePowerPlantInspectionProbeSignalsproducedbyvariousamountsofcorrosionthinning.Periodically,powerplantsareshutdownforinspection.Inspectorsfeededdycurrentprobesintoheatexchangertubestocheckforcorrosiondamage.PipewithdamageWireRopeInspectionElectromagneticdevicesandvisualinspectionsareusedtofindbrokenwiresandotherdamagetothewireropethatisusedinchairlifts,cranesandotherliftingdevices.StorageTankInspectionRoboticcrawlersuseultrasoundtoinspectthewallsoflargeabovegroundtanksforsignsofthinningduetocorrosion.Camerasonlongarticulatingarmsareusedtoinspectundergroundstoragetanksfordamage.AircraftInspection•Nondestructivetestingisusedextensivelyduringthemanufacturingofaircraft.•NDTisalsousedtofindcracksandcorrosiondamageduringoperation