Philips照明培训资料之一

CorrespondenceCourseLightingApplicationLightingDesignandEngineeringCentreHistoryofLightandLightingContentsIntroduction31.Theroleoflightinginmodern32.Historyoflightsources52.1Beforetheadventofthelamp52.2Theoldestlamps52.3Gaslight82.4Electriclightingbeforetheincandescentlamp112.5Theincandescentlamp142.6Dischargelamps212.7Historyofelectricityproductionanddistribution253.Historyoflightinscience283.1GreekandMediaevaltimes283.2Theseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies293.3Thenineteenthcentury303.4Thepresentcentury304.Historyoflightingtechnology324.1Historyofphotometry324.2Lightingsocieties334.3Modernlightingtechnology34Conclusion35(c)PhilipsLightingB.V.1984Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingrecordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorpermissionofPhilipsLightingB.V.PrintedinTheNetherlandsIntroductionThestoryofthehistoryoflightandlightingisafascinatingone,goingbackalmostasfarasthehistoryofmankind.Itstartedwhenmanlearnedtocontrolfire,andforthousandsofyearsafterwardsthesimpleflameremainedtheonlysourceofartificiallightavailable.Subsequentattemptstorefinetheprocessoflightgenerationandseparateitfromheatproductioncanberoughlydividedintofourstages:FourimportantstagesinthedevelopmentoflightsourcesStage1wasmarkedbythewishtoproduceaconstantflame,whichcouldbeleftrelativelyunattendedforalongerperiod.Thisresulted,stillinthestoneage,inthefirstbowl-typelamps,burninganimalorvegetableoilandfittedwithawick,andlater-probablyinRomantimes-totheinventionofthecandle.Thelampandthecandle,likethetorch,madelight‘portable’.Thenextbigstrideinthedevelopmentoflightsourcestookplacejusttwocenturiesago,whenthefirstsuccessfulstepsweretakentoincreasethelightoutputoftheflame.ThephysicistAmiArganditwaswhogavehisnametothetubularburner,whichlaunchedtheeraoflightingtechnology.Thethirdstagebeganalittleoveracenturyago,whentheflameasalightsourcewasabandonedinfavourofanincandescentsolidbody.Theincandescentelectriclampandthegasmantlewerethetwoimportantinventionsduringthisperiodofdevelopment.Finally,intheseconddecadeofthepresentcentury,itbecamepossibletoproducelightwithoutwastingenergyonitstraditionalbyproduct-heat,fordischargelampsinvariousformswentintocommercialproduction.Developmentoftheselampsisstillinfullswingtoday.Paralleltothedevelopmentoflightsources,cametheincreaseinourknowledgeofthenatureandbehaviouroflight.Commonplacethoughitmighthavebeen,thecontroversyamongphilosophersandscientistsabouttheexactnatureoflightragedforcenturies,andwasnotfinallysettleduntilcomparativelyrecently.LightingtechnologyScientificinvestigationintotheproperapplicationoflight-LightingTechnology-startedcomparativelylate,aswasthecasewithmostmulti-disciplinarysciences.NationallightingsocietiessprangupinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesinthefirstdecadeofthepresentcentury.Theiractivitieswereputonaninternationalfootingbythefoundationofthe‘Commissionlnternationaledel’Eclairage’(CIE)or‘InternationalLightingCommission’,inwhichexpertsfromallpartsoftheworldandfromallprovincesofscience,technologyanddesigncontributetotheexpansionofourknowledgesurroundinglightingandlightingapplication.1.TheroleoflightinginmodernsocietyItisdifficulttooverestimatetheimportanceofartificiallightinourpresent-daysociety.Withoutit,commercial,socialandculturallifewouldcometoavirtualstand-stillwiththeonsetofdarkness.Andyettasklighting-designedtoallowworktocontinueafterdark,ratherthanfacilitatingbasicorientation-likesomanyotherachievementsisaby-productoftheIndustrialRevolution.3Fig.1Asimpleoil-flame-inadditiontothelightfromtheopenfire-wastheonlysourceoflightavailableinanaveragehouseholdbeforethenineteenthcentury.ThemanenteringfromoutsidecarriesaportablelightTheinfluenceoftheIndustrialRevolutionThisstartedatthebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury,andwouldinafewhundredyearschangethefaceoftheearthasneverbeforeinthehistoryofmankind.Itwasmorethanjustatechnicalrevolution,itwasaneconomicalandsocialonetoo,thatbroughtwithitindustrialmassproductionandmechanizedtransport.Italsomeanttheendofawayoflifethatwasdictatedbythedailypassageofthesunandthechangeofseasons,awayoflifethathadchangedverylittleoverthousandsofyears.Daylightandweatherstillcontinuedtogovernagriculturalactivity,andwithittheassociatedcraftsandtrades.Althoughoillampsandcandlesexisted,thecostsofthefueltheyburnedwassohighastomakeituneconomicaltocontinuemosttypesofeconomicactivityafterdarkness,andforthepoorerclassesofthepopulation-thegreatmajority-theopendomesticfireremainedtheonlysourceoflight(Fig.1).MoreandcheaperlightAllthischangeddramaticallywiththeadventofplannedproductionandtheorganisedlong-distancetransportofpeopleandgoods.Contemporarylightingwasbothinadequateandexpensive,andsoseriouslyhamperedexpansionoftheseactivities.Consequentlyinventorswerepressedtoturntoalternativelightsources,andatthesametimereducethecostsoffuel.Thesuccessoftheireffortsisclearlydemonstratedbythefollowingexample.Comparedwiththemostadvancedlightsourcecurrentlyavailablefordomesticuse,theSL*lamp,candlesproducing