北欧的社会政策：正在改变的福利国家

NordicSocialPolicyFocusingondevelopmentsintheNordicwelfarestatesduringthepastfifteenyears,NordicSocialPolicyprovidesnewinsightsintotheevolutionofwelfare-statemeasuresandgenerallyassesses‘thepeople’swell-being’inDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSweden.Thiscomparativeworkincludeschaptersfromovertwentycontributorswhich:•examinethealteredpreconditionsofwelfarepolicies•analysechangesinthewelfaremeasures•investigatedevelopmentsinthewelfareofthepeople•standasindependenttextsbutalso,incombination,makeageneralstatementaboutwelfare-statechange•lookatdevelopmentsinpublicsupportforthewelfarestates.NordicSocialPolicywillprovideanewunderstandingofNorthernEuropeanwelfareandwillbeinvaluablereadingforstudentsonsocialpolicy,welfarestudiesandsociologycoursesaswellasforacademics,policy-makersandanalystsinsocialpolicy.MikkoKauttoandMattiHeikkilä,NationalResearchandDevelopmentCentreforWelfareandHealth,Finland.BjørnHvinden,TheNorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Norway.StaffanMarklund,UniversityofUmeå,Sweden.NielsPloug,CentreforWelfareStateResearch,TheDanishNationalInstituteofSocialResearch.Denmark.ContentsListoffiguresviiListoftablesxListofcontributorsxiiiAcknowledgementsxvii1Introduction:theNordicwelfarestatesinthe1990s1MIKKOKAUTTO,MATTIHEIKKILÄ,BJØRNHVINDEN,STAFFANMARKLUNDANDNIELSPLOUG2Economicproblems,welfareconvergenceandpoliticalinstability19STAFFANMARKLUNDANDANDERSNORDLUND3Changesinagestructure,familystabilityanddependency54MIKKOKAUTTO4CutsinandreformoftheNordiccashbenefitsystems79NIELSPLOUG5Universalpublicsocialcareandhealthservices?104JUHANILEHTO,NINAMOSSANDTINEROSTGAARD6ActivationpoliciesintheNordiccountries133JONANDERSDRØPPING,BJØRNHVINDENANDKIRSTENVIKviContents7Changesinthesocialpatterningoflivingconditions159JOHANFRITZELL8PovertyandsocialexclusionintheNordiccountries185BJÖRNHALLERÖDANDMATTIHEIKKILÄ9ThedistributionofincomeintheNordiccountries:changesandcauses215BJÖRNGUSTAFSSON,ROLFAABERGE,ÅDNECAPPELEN,PEDERJ.PEDERSEN,NINASMITHANDHANNUUUSITALO10ThelegitimacyoftheNordicwelfarestates:trends,variationsandcleavages235JØRGENGOULANDERSEN,PERARNTPETTERSEN,STEFANSVALLFORSANDHANNUUUSITALO11Conclusion:TheNordicmodelstandsstablebutonshakyground262MATTIHEIKKILÄ,BJØRNHVINDEN,MIKKOKAUTTO,STAFFANMARKLUNDANDNIELSPLOUGReferences275Index297Figures1.1Conceptualmodelforthebook’sapproach152.1AnnualpercentagechangeinrealGDPpercapitaintheNordiccountriesandOECDaverage212.2Tradebalances,averagesforfive-yearperiodsintheNordiccountries(US$billion)232.3GovernmentfinalconsumptionpercapitaintheNordiccountries,indicesPPPOECD100,1980–95242.4GeneralgovernmentfinancialbalancesintheNordiccountriesandOECDaverage,1980–95262.5IncometransfersintheNordiccountriesandOECDaverage,1985–94292.6LabourmarketparticipationratesintheNordiccountriesandOECDaverage,1984–95342.7FemalelabourmarketparticipationintheNordiccountriesandOECDaverage,1984–94352.8GovernmentemploymentasshareoftotalemploymentintheNordiccountriesandOECDaverage,1984–94362.9UnemploymentrateintheNordiccountries1980–95andOECDaverage1984–95372.10YouthunemploymentrateintheNordiccountries,1980–95374.1ExpenditureonandrecipientsofunemploymentbenefitsinDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=100834.2ExpenditureonandrecipientsofsicknessbenefitsinDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=100854.3ExpenditureonandrecipientsofmaternitybenefitsinDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=10087viiiFigures4.4ExpenditureonandrecipientsofdisabilitypensioninDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=100894.5Expenditureonandrecipientsofold-agepensionsinDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=100924.6ExpenditureonandrecipientsoffamilybenefitsinDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=100944.7ExpenditureonandrecipientsofsocialassistanceinDenmark,Finland,NorwayandSwedenfrom1982to1993;fixedprices,1990=100956.1ActivelabourmeasuresaspercentageofGDPintheNordiccountries,1980–951436.2Activismrate1,Nordiccountries,1980–951446.3Activismrate2,Nordiccountries,1980–951456.4LabourmarketmeasuresforyouthaspercentageofGDPintheNordiccountries,1990–51496.5LabourmarketmeasuresforpeoplewithdisabilitiesaspercentageofGDPintheNordiccountries,1990–51537.1Changesinrelativeequivalentincomebyagegroups(thoseaged61–75=0)inFinland,NorwayandSweden1718.1Economicpoverty(50percentofmeanincome)ratio(1980=0)intheNordiccountries1878.2Analyticalmodel1998.3TheprobabilityofbeingsociallyexcludedfordifferentsectionsofthepopulationinFinland,NorwayandSwedeninthemid-1980sandmid-1990s2089.1Gini-coefficientfordisposableequivalentincomeinFinland1966–95andinSweden1967–952199.2InequalityindistributionsofdisposableincomeforsingleemployeesandcoupleswithoneandtwoemployeesinNorway.Gini-coefficients,1973–942209.3InequalityindistributionsofgrossanddisposableequivalentincomeinNorway,1985–942219.4aTrendsinearningsdispersioninDenmark,Finland,UKandNorway,1980–952279.4bTrendsinearningsdispersioninSweden,USandUK.1980–95228Figuresix9.4cTrendsinearningsdispersio