chapter_1Preliminaries(微观经济学-华侨大学,JeffCal

Part1Introduction:MarketsandPricesChapter1-2Chapter1PreliminariesChapter1:PreliminariesSlide2Traditionalmicroeconomicsforone-semestercourseChapter1,23,4.1-4.4,6,7.1-7.4,8,9.1-9.3,10,11.1-11.3,12,14,15.1-15.4,18.1-18.2,18.5Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide3ModernMicroeconomicsincludes:Chapter13GametheoryChapter17MarketswithasymmetricinformationChapter1:PreliminariesSlide4TopicstobeDiscussedTheThemesofMicroeconomicsWhatIsaMarket?RealVersusNominalPricesWhyStudyMicroeconomics?Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide5DefinitionofEconomicsEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesusescarceresourcestoproducevaluablecommoditiesanddistributethemamongdifferentpeople.P.A.SamuelsonChapter1:PreliminariesSlide6DefinitionofmicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsisthestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets.N.GregoryMankiwChapter1:PreliminariesSlide7DefinitionofmacroeconomicsMacroeconomicsisthestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth.N.GregoryMankiwChapter1:PreliminariesSlide8PreliminariesMicroeconomicsdealswith:BehaviorofindividualunitsWhenConsuming•HowwechoosewhattobuyChapter1:PreliminariesSlide9PreliminariesMicroeconomicsdealswith:BehaviorofindividualunitsWhenProducing•HowwechoosewhattoproduceChapter1:PreliminariesSlide10PreliminariesMicroeconomicsdealswith:Markets:TheinteractionofconsumersandproducersChapter1:PreliminariesSlide11PreliminariesMacroeconomicsdealswith:Analysisofaggregateissues:EconomicgrowthInflationUnemploymentChapter1:PreliminariesSlide12PreliminariesTheLinkageBetweenMicroandMacro-economicsMicroeconomicsisthefoundationofmacroeconomicanalysisChapter1:PreliminariesSlide13TheThemesofMicroeconomicsAccordingtoMickJagger*&theRollingStones“Youcan’talwaysgetwhatyouwant”Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide14TheThemesofMicroeconomicsWhyNot?LimitedResourcesChapter1:PreliminariesSlide15Trytounderstandthephrase“scarceresources”inthefollowingEverygunthatismade,everywarshiplaunched,everyrocketfiredsignifies,inthefinalsense,atheftfromthosewhohungerandarenotfed.PresidentD.D.EisenhowerChapter1:PreliminariesSlide16TheThemesofMicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsAllocationofScarceResourcesandTrade-offsInaplannedeconomyInamarketeconomyChapter1:PreliminariesSlide17AplannedeconomyAllocationdecisionsofscarceresourcesaremademostlybythegovernment(likeCuba,NorthKorea,FormerSovietUnion)Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide18AmarketeconomyAllocationdecisionsofscarceresourcesaremademostlybysupplyanddemandinmarkets.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide19TheThemesofMicroeconomicsFlexibilityinallocatingscarceresourcesandOptimalTrade-offs1.ConsumerTheory2.Workers3.TheoryoftheFirmChapter1:PreliminariesSlide20ExampleoftradeoffsGunandButterEfficiencyandequityRiskandreturnWorkandleisureChapter1:PreliminariesSlide21TheThemesofMicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsandPricesTheroleofpricesinamarketeconomy(likeinvisiblehandinguidingeconomicactivities---AdamSmith,1776)HowpricesaredeterminedChapter1:PreliminariesSlide22TheoriesandModelsEconomicisconcernedwiththeexplanationandpredictionofobservedphenomena,whichisbasedontheories.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide23TheoriesandModelsTheoriesareusedtoexplainandpredictobservedphenomenaintermsofasetofbasicrulesandassumptions(likeeconomicman).ForexampleTheTheoryoftheFirmTheTheoryofConsumerBehaviorChapter1:PreliminariesSlide24TheoriesandModelsWiththeaplicationofstatisticalandeconometrictechniques,Theoriescanbeusedtoconstructmodels:amathematicalrepresentationofatheoryusedtomakeaprediction,suchaseconometricsmodelsChapter1:PreliminariesSlide25PositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisPositiveAnalysisPositiveanalysisistheuseoftheoriesandmodelstopredicttheimpactofachoice.Positiveanalysisdescribesthefactsandbehaviorintheeconomy.A.SamuelsonChapter1:PreliminariesSlide26ExamplesforpositiveanalysisWhatwillbetheimpactofanimportquotaonforeigncars?Whatwillbetheimpactofanincreaseinthegasolineexcisetax?WhatarethecausesofpovertyintheUnitedStates.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide27PositiveversusNormativeAnalysisNormativeAnalysisNormativeanalysisaddressesissuesfromtheperspectiveof“Whatoughttobe?”NormativeanalysisinvolvesethicalpreceptsandvaluejudgmentsChapter1:PreliminariesSlide28ExamplesforNormativeanalysisShouldthegovernmentgivemoremoneytopoorpeople?Shouldthebudgetdeficitbereducedbyhighertaxesorlowerspending?Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide29WhatisaMarket?Amarketisthecollectionofbuyersandsellersthat,throughtheiractualorpotentialinteractionstodeterminethepriceofaproductorasetofproducts.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide30WhatisaMarket?Marketsvs.IndustriesIndustriesarethesupplysideofthemarket.Aindustryisacollectionoffirmsthatsellthesameorcloselyrelatedproducts.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide31WhatisaMarket?MarketdefinitionDeterminationofthebuyers,sellers,andrangeofproductsthatshouldbeincludedinaparticularmarket.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide32WhatisaMarket?ArbitrageBuyingaproductatalowpriceinonelocationandsellingatahighpriceinanotherChapter1:PreliminariesSlide33WhatisaMarket?Competitivevs.NoncompetitiveMar