Chap_01Ten Principles of Economics经济学十大原理

PrinciplesofEconomicsThirdEditionbyN.GregoryMankiw经济学原理（第三版）BriefDescriptionAboutThisCourseWhatdowemeanbyWesternEconomics?WesterneconomicsversusMarxismEconomics(politicaleconomy)Economics(ingeneral)AusefuldefinitionEconomicsisthestudyofhowasocietyallocatesscarceresourcesamongalternativeusestosatisfyhumanwantsBasicPrincipleinthiscourseWhydowestudyeconomics?Understandthewaytheworldworks:Anusefulperspectivetoexplainvariousevents,includingeconomicpoliciesDeveloprationalthinking,guidingustomakecorrectindividualdecisionMakeconsistentjudgmentsoneconomicphenomenaBasicknowledgeforourmajorofbusinessandeconomicsWhatIsEconomicsLikeInterestingeconomics:ideaBoringeconomics:techniqueUsefuleconomics:AlanGreenspan,thechairmanoftheFedHowtostudyeconomics:AttendclassReadtextbook:guidedbyteachingDoexercisesRewriteyourclassnotesConsultinstructorsHowtousethistextbookGuidedbyclassnotesReorganizethecontentsinawayfriendlytoyourthinkingReadsummaryintheendofeachchapterCheckingtheglossaryintheendofthisbookRefertoothertextbooksReferenceTextbooksPaulSamuelsonandWilliam:EconomicsJ.Stiglitz:EconomicsGoodexamplesWilliamBaumolandAlanBlinder:Economics:PrinciplesandPolicyCoursePolicyAttendingclassisstronglyrecommended,althoughnotrequiredEnglishisrequiredwhenwritingfinalexamFinalgradecomesmainlyfromyourperformanceinfinalexam.Sessiontestsormidtermtestsarealsocounted.YouarerequiredtoapplyeconomicstoexplainvariouseconomicphenomenaTenPrinciplesofEconomics经济学十大原理Chapter1Economy...经济…...ThewordeconomycomesfromaGreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人”。Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：Whowillwork?谁去工作？Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?应该用什么资源生产？Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?物品的销售价格应该是多少？SocietyandScarceResources:社会和稀缺资源：Themanagementofsociety’sresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。Scarcity...稀缺…...meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.…意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。Economics经济学Economicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.经济学——研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科。Economistsstudy...经济学家研究…Howpeoplemakedecisions.人们如何作出决策Howpeopleinteractwitheachother.人们如何与他人相互交易Theforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.影响整体经济的力量和趋势TenPrinciplesofEconomicsPeoplefacetradeoffs.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.Peoplerespondtoincentives.HowPeopleMakeDecisions经济学十大原理人们面临权衡取舍某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西理性人考虑边际量人们会对激励作出反应人们如何作出决策TenPrinciplesofEconomicsTradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.HowPeopleInteractwitheachother经济学十大原理贸易可以使每个人状况更好。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。人们如何与他人相互交易TenPrinciplesofEconomicsThestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.Theforcesandtrendsthataffecthowtheeconomyasawholeworks经济学十大原理一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.人们面临权衡取舍“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”天下没有免费的午餐1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.Gunsv.butterFoodv.clothingLeisuretimev.workEfficiencyv.equityMakingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.1.人们面临权衡取舍为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。大炮vs.黄油食物vs.衣服休闲vs.工作效率vs.平等作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.Efficiencyv.Equity1.人们面临权衡取舍效率——社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。平等——社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。效率与平等2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.Whethertogotocollegeortowork?Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益上大学还是去工作?学习还是出去约会?去上课还是睡觉?2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西Theopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.机会成本——为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。2.TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（KobeBryant）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（NBA）。2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin理性人考虑边际量Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.边际变动——对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。Peoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefitsatthemargin.人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。4.Peoplerespondtoincentives.Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.Thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternative’smarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!4.人们会对激励作出反应成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应。当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的。5.Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.Peoplegainfromtheirability