您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 企业财务 > Failures(M-Grow-Hill,微观经济学,王秋石)
1、Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinGovernmentPolicyandMarketFailuresChapter15Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-2LaugherCurveQ.Howmanyeconomistsdoesittaketoscrewinalightbulb?A.Eight.Onetoscrewitinandseventoholdeverythingelseconstant.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-3IntroductionShouldthegovernmentinterveneinthemarket?Theframeworkpresentedmightbecalledthei。
2、nvisiblehandframework.Invisiblehandframework–perfectlycompetitiveleadindividualstomakevoluntarychoicesthatareinsociety’sinterest.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-4MarketFailuresAmarketfailureoccurswhentheinvisiblehandpushesinsuchawaythatindividualdecisionsdonotleadtosociallydesirableoutcomes.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-5MarketFailuresAnytimeamarketfailureexists,thereisareasonforpossiblegover。
3、nmentinterventionintomarketstoimprovetheoutcome.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-6MarketFailuresBecausethepoliticsofimplementingthesolutionoftenleadstofurtherproblems,governmentinterventionmaynotnecessarilyimprovethesituation.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-7ExternalitiesExternalitiesaretheeffectofadecisiononathirdpartythatisnottakenintoaccountbythedecision-maker.Externalitiescanbebothpositivean。
4、dnegative.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-8ExternalitiesNegativeexternalitiesoccurwhentheeffectofadecisiononothersthatisnottakenintoaccountbythedecision-makerisdetrimentaltothethirdparty.Examplesincludesecond-handsmoke,waterpollution,andcongestion.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-9ExternalitiesPositiveexternalitiesoccurwhentheeffectofadecisiononothersthatisnottakenintoaccountbythedecision-makeri。
5、sbeneficialtoothers.Examplesincludeinnovation,education,andnewbusinessformation.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-10NegativeExternalitiesWhennegativeexternalitiesensuethirdpartiesarehurt.Marginalsocialcostisgreaterthanmarginalprivatecost.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-11NegativeExternalitiesMarginalsocialcostincludesallthemarginalcostsbornebysociety.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.A。
6、llrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-12NegativeExternalitiesMarginalsocialcostiscalculatedbyaddingthenegativeexternalitiesassociatedwithproductiontothemarginalprivatecostsofthatproduction.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-13TheEffectofaNegativeExternalityMarginalsocialbenefitMarginalprivatecostMarginalsocialcostCostQuantity0Q0P0Q1P1MarginalcostfromexternalityCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-14Positi。
7、veExternalitiesPrivatetradescanbenefitthirdpartiesnotinvolvedinthetrade.Marginalsocialbenefitequalsthemarginalprivatebenefitofconsumingagoodorserviceplusthepositiveexternalitiesresultingfromconsumingthatgoodorservice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-15APositiveExternalityCostQuantity0MarginalbenefitofanexternalityD0=MarginalprivatebenefitD1=MarginalsocialbenefitQ0P0Q1P1S=MarginalprivateandsocialcostCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.All。
8、rightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-16AlternativeMethodsofDealingwithExternalitiesExternalitiescanbedealtwithviadirectregulation,incentivepolicies,andvoluntarysolutions.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-17DirectRegulationAprogramofdirectregulationiswheretheamountofagoodpeopleareallowedtouseisdirectlylimitedbythegovernment.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-18DirectRegulationEconomistsdonotlikethissol。
9、utionsinceitdoesnotachievethedesiredendasefficiently(atthelowestcostpossibleintotalresourceswithoutconsiderationastowhopaysthosecosts)andfairlyaspossible.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-19DirectRegulationDirectregulationisinefficientbecauseitachievesagoalinamorecostlymannerthannecessary.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-20IncentivePoliciesIncentiveprogramsaremoreefficientthandirectregulatorypolici。
10、es.Thetwotypesofincentivepoliciesareeithertaxesormarketincentives.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-21TaxIncentivePoliciesAtaxincentiveprogramusesataxtocreateincentivesforindividualstostructuretheiractivitiesinawaythatisconsistentwiththedesiredends.Oftenthetaxyieldsthedesiredendmoreefficientlythanstraightregulation.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin15-22TaxIncentivePoliciesThissolutionembodiesameasure。
本文标题:Failures(M-Grow-Hill,微观经济学,王秋石)
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-1121030 .html