toMacroeconomics(宏观经济学-加州大学-詹姆斯·布

Copyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-1CHAPTER1IntroductiontoMacroeconomicsCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-2Questions•Howmuchricherarewethanourparents?•Howmuchricherwillourchildrenbethanourgrandparentswere?•Willchangingjobsbeeasyorhardinfiveyears?•Howmanyofuswillhavejobsinfiveyears?Copyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-3Questions•Willthebusinessesweworkforvanishasdemandfortheproductstheymakedriesup?•Willinflationmakeuspoorbydestroyingoursavingsorrichbyeliminatingourdebts?Copyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-4Macroeconomics...•isthesubdisciplineofeconomicsthattriestoanswerthesesixquestions•isthebranchofeconomicsrelatedtotheeconomyasawholeCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-5Macroeconomists...•trytofigureoutwhyoveralleconomicactivityrisesandfalls•trytounderstandwhatdeterminesthelevelandrateofchangeofthepricelevel•studyothervariablesthatplayamajorroleindeterminingtheoveralllevelsofproduction,income,employment,andpricesCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-6WhyMacroeconomicsMatters•CulturalLiteracy–abilitytofollowandparticipateinpublicdebatesanddiscussions–understandingofnewsreportsonchangesintheeconomyCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-7Figure1.1-TheDailyFlowofEconomicNewsCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-8WhyMacroeconomicsMatters•Self-Interest–effectsofmacroeconomyonourdailylives–understandingofchangingopportunitiesastheeconomyfluctuatesCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-9WhyMacroeconomicsMatters•CivicResponsibility–moreinformedvoting–moreresponsiblemacroeconomicpolicyCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-10MacroeconomicPolicy•GrowthPolicy–policiestoaccelerateordeceleratelong-runeconomicgrowth–mostimportantpoliciesforthelong-runCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-11Figure1.2-Long-RunEconomicGrowth:SwedenandArgentina,1900-2000Copyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-12MacroeconomicPolicy•StabilizationPolicy–policiestosmoothoutthebusinesscyclebydiminishingthedepthofrecessionsanddepressions–businesscyclesarefluctuationsinproductionandemployment•boomsorexpansionsoccurwhenproductiongrowsandunemploymentfalls•recessionsordepressionsoccurwhenproductionfallsandunemploymentrisesCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-13Figure1.3-TheAmericanBusinessCycle:FluctuationsinTotalProductionRelativetotheLong-RunGrowthTrendCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-14MacroeconomicsversusMicroeconomics•Macroeconomists–examinetheeconomyasawhole–focusonthefeedbackfromonecomponentoftheeconomytoanother–studythetotallevelofproductionandemployment–believethatimbalancesbetweensupplyanddemandmayberesolvedbychangesinquantitiesratherthanpricesCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-15MacroeconomicsversusMicroeconomics•Microeconomists–studythemarketsforsinglecommoditiesandthebehaviorofindividualhouseholdsandfirms–focusonhowcompetitivemarketsallocateresourcestocreateconsumerandproducersurplus–assumethatimbalancesbetweendemandandsupplyareresolvedbychangesinpricesCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-16EconomicStatisticsandEconomicActivity•Economicactivityisthepatternoftransactionsinwhichthingsofreal,usefulvaluearecreated,transformed,andexchanged.•NationalIncomeandProductAccounts(NIPA)–reportedbytheU.S.CommerceDepartment’sBureauofEconomicAnalysisCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-17Table1.2-TheFlowofEconomicData,2000-2001Copyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-18SixKeyEconomicVariables•RealGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)–iscorrectedforchangesinthepricelevel(real)–includesthereplacementofworn-outandobsoleteequipmentandstructuresaswellasnewinvestment(gross)–countseconomicactivitythathappensintheUnitedStates(domestic)–representstheproductionoffinalgoodsandservices(product)Copyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-19SixKeyEconomicVariables•RealGrossDomesticProduct–oftendividedbythenumberofworkersintheeconomy–measureshowwelltheeconomyproducesgoodsandservicesthatpeoplefinduseful–doesnotindicatetherelativedistributionofthenation’seconomicproduct–isanimperfectmeasureofeconomicwell-beingCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-20Figure1.4-OfficiallyMeasuredRealGDPperWorkerintheUnitedStatesCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-21SixKeyEconomicVariables•TheUnemploymentRate–tobeunemployed,apersonmustwanttoworkandbeactivelylookingforajob(buthavenotyetfoundone)–thelaborforceconsistsofthosewhoareemployedandthosewhoareunemployed–theunemploymentrateisequaltothenumberofunemployedpeopledividedbythelaborforceCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.1-22Figure1.5-TheU.S.UnemploymentRateCopyright©2002byTheMcGraw