【精品文档】中级微观经济学_汤学俊_

::(CIP)/,.:,2004ISBN7-80162-471-8.............F016CIP(2004)076842:811:[phone]:100038::::::787mm960mm/16182533020041012004101:14000:2900:ISBN7-80162-471-8/F455,,:2:[phone]:100836l1,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,l2,,,,,,2070,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,20048l1,,:60,,,,,,,,,:(1),;(2),,,,,,,l2,,,(),,,,,1.(),,,,,,2.(),,(),,,,,,,:,,,,3.(),,,,,,,l31-11-1,,4.,(freegoods),,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,l4:,,,,,,,,(opportunitycost),(),,,,,,(tradeoffs),,;,11()1-11-1l51-1,,4,B,;,4,B,11,(DC)(DE)1-1,(productionpossibilitiescurve)1-1,BB(),,4,1,X2,DC,,Y,3,1,,DE,,,,,()():1-1,,()()1-2,5000;,6000;,1-2,ABCDEFG,,l6,1-2A5000î0yB4800î1000¾C4400î2000¾D4000î3000¾E3300î4000¾F2250î5000¾G0©6000¾1-2AGR,,S,l7,(),:,;,:1.(1)();(2);(3);(4)2.(1);(2);(3);(4),(),,,,,(1-3(a));,(1-3(b)):,,1-2R,,1-2S,,l81-3()1-1,11,(1),1-2,,,1()(),(lawofincreasingrelativecosts)1-41-41-4,1,H-IJ-KL-MN-OP-Q,l9,G-HI-JK-LM-NO-P,??,,,,,,,,501,,,,,,,(),1-21-31-41-1(economy,economics),(384322,)economyoikonomia,oikos()nomos(),17,(15751621)(politicaleconomy)politicalpoliticos,,19,(nationalokonomie,nationaleconomy),1890,(AlfredMarshall,18421924),,(economics)l10,,,oikonomia,,,,,;;;;,;(Samuelson):,,,,:,,:,,:;,;,,,,,;l11,,:(microeconomics)(macroeconomics)(,,):(),,;(),:;,(),,,,,,,,,,(individualanalysis),,:;;;,:,,l12(equilibrium),,,(rationalman),,,,(information),,,,,,,,,,,,:,,:;;,,,l13,,,,,,,,20025,1520,5,;1520,20022002,,,,,,,,,,,,,,SDP,:P=f(D,S):,l14,,:;;;,,,;,,,,,,,,:1.,,;,,2.()(),,,,,,,,,,l15(consumersbehavior)(),(),,(utilityfunction),,,,,SARS,19(W.StanleyJevons)(LonWalras)(AlfredMarshall),,,,,A15,B45AB,:CD,AB19,,,2,(),15,,,l162-12-1120§29�37�,1020,,,,,,16,,(cardinalutility),,,AB,AB(rationality):AB,:A,B,AB();AB,;ABA,BCB,ACA:,,,,,,(orderofprefer12,15,,25/=10l17ence)(ordinalutility),,(),,A15,B45(15A,45B),BA,,BA,19,,,,(),,,,(rankorderedlist);,,,;(optimum);;;;;:U=f(q1,q2)(2-1),q1q2Q1Q2U,,(regularstrictlyquasiconcavefunction),(2-1),,l18,(domain),,q1q2,U0,,;,,110110,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Q1Q2U0,(2-1):U0=f(q1,q2)(2-2),U0,(2-2)Q1Q25Q13Q2U0Q154,Q2,,Q2,1Q13Q2,,(U0),(indifferencecurve)2-1,q1q2q1q22-1,,,AB,Q1Q2,BAl192-12-22-2A1,A2A3A1U1,,A2A3U2U3l20A3,A1,U3U1A1A2,U1=U2A2A3,U2=U3A1A3,,U0=f(q01,q02)=f(q(1)1,q(2)2)U[q01+(1-)q(1)1,q02+(1-)q(1)2]U001(),,q2q1,:dU=f1dq1+f2dq2(2-3),f1f2uq1q2q1q2(variation)(),1q1q11q2q2Q1Q2,Q1dq1(,dq10),f1dq1,Q2,f2dq2,,,,f1dq1f2dq2,dU=0,f1dq1+f2dq2=0-dq2dq1=f1f2(2-4)dq2/dq1,,Q1Q2,Q1Q2,-dq2/dq1Q1Q2(rateofcommoditysubstitution,RCS),RCSQ2Q1,Q2Q1l21,f1f2Q1Q2(marginalutility),,,RCS,f1q1,,2f12f1f2-f11f22-f22f210(2-5)()(2-4),():d2q2dq21=1f32(f11f22-2f12f1f2+f22f21)(2-6)(2-5)(2-6)f20,,Q1Q2,,,RCS,,,Q1Q2,Q2Q1,Q2,Q1,,(realvaluedfunction),1.,,RRA1A2,A1RA2,A2RA1,,R,R(reflexive):A1RA1,A1,R:A1RA2,A2RA3,A1RA32.(set)A1A2,A1A23.A1,A1l22A1,A0,(member)A1,,A1,,:,A1,,A1,,,:Q1Q2,A1=(q(1)1,q(1)2)A2=(q(2)1,q(2)2):q(1)1q(2)1q(1)1=q(2)1q(1)2q(2)2,A1A2,(lexicographic),A=(q01,q02),q1q2A,(q01+q1,q02-q2)A,,i:Ai=q01+12iq1,q02-q2,i,AiA,:limiAi=(q01,q02-q2)AQ1Q2,,,:y0=p1q1+p2q2(2-7),y0(),p1p2Q1Q2,p1q1l23p2q2,y0(2-7)(2-1):maxU=f(q1,q2)sty0=p1q1+p2q2q1,q20:V=f(q1,q2)+(y0-p1q1-p2q2)(2-8),(firstordercondition):Vq1=f1-p1=0Vq2=f2-p2=0(2-9)V=y0-p1q1-p2q2=0(2-9),f1f2=p1p2(2-10),f1/f2=RCS,,,RCS()(2-9):f1p1=f2p2=(2-11),1,1Q1Q2,,Q2Q1,,,,(secondordercondition)f11f22(directpartialderival24tive),f12f21(crosspartialderivative),(borderedHessiandeterminant),:f11f12-p1f21f22-p2-p1-p200(2-12)(2-12),2f12p1p2-f11p22-f22p210(2-13)(2-9)p1=f1/p2=f2/,20,2f12f1f2-f11f22-f22f210(2-14)(2-14)(2-5),,,(2-14)(2-9)(globalunivalence),:U=q1q2,p1=2,p2=5,100:100=2q1+5q2:maxU=q1q2st100=2q1+5q2q1,q20:V=q1q2+(100-2q1-5q2)q2-2=0q1-5=0100-2q1-5q2=0q1=25,q2=10,=5,,,l252-32-3AB,Q1Q2100-2q1-5q2=0Q2,50Q1;Q1,20Q2,;60,CDABE,AB,E,-p1/p2,-2/5,,-q2/q1,,RCSq2/q1=10/25,,,RCS:-d2q2/dq21=-2q2/q210,,,l26,,,,3,4,,,34(satisfactoryutilityindex)Q1Q2,(monotonictransformation)U=f(q1,q2),,,W=F(U)=F[f(q1,q2)]F(U)U,,WU(q01,q02)f(q1,q2)(q(1)1,q(1)2)(q(1)1,q(1)2),,f(q01,q02)f(q(1)1,q(1)2),(monotonicity),W(q01,q02)=F[f(q01,q02)]F[f(q(1)1,q(1)2)]=W(q(1)1,q(2)2),,(q01,q02)W(q1,q2)2-4,(2-9)2-4(2-4(a)),,l27,,RCS,,,,(localutilityminimum),,,,y0/p1Q1,y0/p2Q2,f(y0/p1,0)f(0,y0/p2)f(y0/p1,0)f(0,y0/p2),Q1Q22-4(a),Q2(2-4(b)),,,;q10,q20,(cornersolution),,Q22-4(b),,(KuhnTuckercondition):y0-p1q1-p2q20(q10,q20),(2-8),:(1)V1=f1-p10q1V1=0(2)V2=f2-p20q2V2=0(3)V3=y0-p1q1-p2q20V3=0,Vi(2-8)f1p1,q1f1p1,q1,q12-4(b),V10V2=0,,f1/f2p1/p2(3),,,,,l28,(2-9)q1,q2,,q1q2p1,p2y0Q1(Q2),,U=q1q2,y0-p1q1-p2q2=0,:V=q1q2+(y0-p1q1-p2q2):Vq1=q2-p1=0V=y0-p1q1-p2q2=0q1q2,:q1=y02p1q2=y02p2,,,y0=100,p1=2,p2=5,q1=25,q2=10,:(1),(singlevaluedfunction);(2),(homogeneous),,,,,k:ky0-kp1q1-kp2q2=0,k(factorofproportionality)(2-8):V=f(q1,q2)+(ky0-kp1q1-kp2q2):f1-kp1=0f2-kp2=0(2-15)l29ky0-kp1q1-kp2q2=0(2-15)V,:k(y0-p1q1-p2q2)=0k0,y0-p1q1-p2q2=0(2-15),,f1f2=p1p2(2-7)(2-10),(kp1,kp2,ky0)(p1,p2,y0),,;,(),,,,,,,(moneyillusion),Q1:q1=(p1,p2,y0),p2y0,:q1=D(p1),,(inversedemandfunction)p1=D-1(q1)D[D-1(q1)]=q1,:,,(ostentatiousconsumption):,,l30()Q1(priceelasticityofdemand)(e11):p2y0,q1Q1,:e11=(lnq1)(lnp1)=p1q1q1p1(2-16),(e11