世界政治经济课英文部分

1WorldPoliticsandEconomy&InternationalRelationsProfessor:ChengZaoxia2导论正确认识世界政治经济与国际关系的发展规律一、威斯特伐里亚体系二、维也纳体系三、凡尔赛-华盛顿体系的建立四、雅尔塔体系五、THEU.S.ROLEINTHEWORLD:INDISPENSABLELEADEROFHEGEMON?五、THEU.S.ROLEINTHEWORLD:INDISPENSABLELEADEROFHEGEMON?SummaryIntheearly1990s,manyfriendsandalliesoftheUnitedStatesworriedthattheUnitedStateswasturninginward.Inrecentyears,however,internationalconcernhasfocusedmoreonwhatisperceivedasunilateralistorhegemonicU.S.internationalbehavior.TheexpressionsofalarmfrommanyU.S.friendsandallieshavebeenechoedprominentlybylesssympatheticpowersandleaders.Somemajorpowers,includingRussiaandChina,haveovertimetriedtoreducewhattheyseeasexcessiveU.S.influenceonissuesaffectingtheirinterests.OnemajorU.S.ally,France,hastraditionallysoughttolimitU.S.influenceonitspolicies.PresidentClintonhasclaimedthattheUnitedStatesistheindispensablepowerintheinternationalsystembutwishestoshareleadershipburdensandresponsibilitieswithothers.However,someU.S.actionshaveprovidedammunitionforthosewhoclaimthattheUnitedStatesisactinglikeahegemonicpower.TheseargumentsandperceptionscouldincreasinglyunderminetheU.S.abilitytoachieveitsforeignpolicyobjectives.TheU.S.RoleintheWorldSincetheColdWarended,therehasbeenanongoingelitedebateabouttheroletheUnitedStatesshouldplayinaninternationalsystemthatisnolongerdominatedbythebi-polarconfrontationoftwoalliancesystemsledbytheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.Thatdiscussionmaynothaveproducedanyclearconsensus,butadefinitionoftheU.S.roleperhapscanbeseenasemerginginU.S.foreignpolicychoices.PresidentGeorgeBush(1989-1993),wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheinitialyearsofadjustmenttoaworldindramatictransition,clearlybelievedthattheUnitedStateswasrequiredtoplayastronginternationalleadershiprole.SomeofhisadvisersapparentlythoughttheUnitedStatesshoulduseitspositionasthesolesuperpowertodiscouragechallengestothatposition,evenamongcurrentallies.PresidentBushnonethelessacceptedtheimportanceofbuildingconsensusintheUnitedNationsandconstructingcoalitionstodealwithinternationalchallenges(bothillustratedbyhisorchestrationoftheresponsetoIraq'sinvasionofKuwait).Hisstronginterestinforeignaffairsbecameapoliticalliabilityinthe1992elections,whenmanyAmericansapparentlythoughthisapproachwasnotsufficiently3responsivetoU.S.domesticproblems.Inthefirstyearofhispresidency(1993),BillClintonandhisforeignpolicyadvisersexperimentedwithanumberofdifferentapproachestoU.S.foreignpolicy.PresidentClintonsoughttoconverthissuccessfulcampaignslogan,It'stheeconomy,stupid,intoapillarofU.S.foreignpolicy.Inpartasaconsequenceofthisphilosophy,someClintonAdministrationofficialsarguedthatAsia(ratherthanEurope)shouldbethecentralfocusofU.S.foreignpolicybecauseoftheopportunitiespresentedbygrowingAsianmarkets.Bytheendof1993,however,theAdministrationhadmovedtoapostureemphasizingcontinuingU.S.political,economic,andstrategicinterestsinAsiaandEurope.FormostofPresidentClinton'sfirstterm,manyobserverssawtheAdministrationasshiftingbetweenactiveinternationalismandforeignpolicyreticence.But,campaigningin1996forasecondterminoffice,PresidentClintonarguedthattheUnitedStateswastheworld'sindispensablepower,suggestingthattheinternationalsystemrequiredtheactiveinvolvementoftheUnitedStatestofunctioneffectively.ClintonmaintainedthatsuchactivismwasintheU.S.interest.Throughoutthisperiod,debateoverU.S.foreignpolicyamongexpertsandeditorialistsincludedthosewhoarguedforamorerestrictedU.S.worldrole,andthosewhocalledfortheUnitedStatestotaketheadvantageofitspositionasthesolesurvivingsuperpower.PublicopinionpollssuggestthattheAmericanpeoplerejectbothoptions,andinfactfavoranengagedU.S.worldrolebasedonsharinginternationalburdensandresponsibilitieswithothernations'ForeignPerceptionsAtthestartoftheClintonAdministration,manytraditionalU.S.alliesfearedthattheendoftheColdWar,withallitsbenefits,mightbringwithitwhattheyviewedastheundesirableconsequenceofaU.S.returntoisolationism.EuropeanalliesalsoworriedtheUnitedStatesmightshiftthefocusofitsforeignpolicytowardAsia.ThoseconcernswereheightenedbytheClintonAdministration'sinitialtilttowardAsia(1993),theU.S.reactiontothepeacekeepingdisasterinSomalia(1993),U.S.reluctancetobecomedeeplyinvolvedintheconflictinformerYugoslavia(1991-1994),andanemergingtendencytowardself-deterrence,inwhichtheUnitedStatesappearedtobelessandlessinclinedtorisktheuseofmilitaryforceonbehalfofinternationalstability.Inrecentyears,thatconcernaboutincipientU.S.isolationismhasdiminished.Infact,astheUnitedStatestookchargeofthepeaceprocessinBosniain1995andbeganmoreactivelytoexertitsinfluenceinotherways,friendsandalliesbecameincreasinglyconcernedaboutaU.S.tendencytowardexcessiveunilateralism.Criticsofferedasevidenceofthisgrowingtendency:@U.S.legislation(theHelms-BurtonAct)seekingtoimposesanctionsonnon-U.S.firmsdoingbusinesswithCuba;@CongressionalinsistenceonspecificreformoftheUnitedNationsbeforeappropriationofmoniestopayU.S.arrearstotheorganization;@U.S.insistenceonmaintaininghard-linesanctionspoliciestowardIran,IraqandLibya;@U.S.refusaltogiveupNATO'sSouthernCommandtoaEuropeanofficer,