管理会计双语版总结

1Review2Chapter1:IntroductionWhymanagementaccounting?OriginandevolutionofmanagementaccountingContrastingfinancialandmanagementaccountingEthicalstandardsformanagementaccountingManagementaccountinginChina3Chapter2:ClassifyingCostsAssigningcoststocostobjectsProductcostDirectmaterialsDirectlaborManufacturingoverheadPeriodcostSellingcostAdministrativecostPrimecostandconversioncost4Chapter2:ClassifyingCostsInventoryclassificationsRawmaterialsWork-in-processFinishedgoodsTheflowofproductcostManufacturingcostforcurrentperiod+Beginningwork-in-processinventory=costofgoodsavailabletobefinished-Endingwork-in-processinventory=Costofgoodsmanufactured5Chapter3:DeterminingCostsofProductsJobordercostingDirectmaterial:traceDirectlabor:traceManufacturingoverhead:allocateCostpoolandallocationbaseActualcostsystemvs.normalcostsystemOver-applyvs.under-applyProcesscostingEquivalentunitsandcostperequivalentunitCostofendingwork-in-processCostofcompletedunits6Chapter4:ActivityBasedCostingABCCostdriver:causesthecosttooccurStepstoemployABCReviewmanufacturingoverheadIdentifymajoractivitiesPoolthecostsofmajoractivitiesDeterminemultiplecostapplicationratesDeterminethecostsassignedtoindividualproductsComparisonoftraditionalandABCoverheadallocation7MajorPointsofCostAllocationWhyallocate?Howmuchtoallocate?Allocatetowhom?Howtoallocate?12348Chapter5:CostBehaviorCommoncostbehaviorpatternsFixedcosts:thinkastotalVariablecosts:thinkonaper-unitbasisRelevantrangeMixedcostsanditsseparationTheengineeringapproachScattergraphingThehigh-lowmethodRegressionanalysis9Chapter6:BusinessDecisionsusingCostBehaviorCost-volume-profitanalysisContributionmargintotalvs.perunitContributionmarginratioBreak-even(inunitsandindollars)Targetprofit(inunitsandindollars)Threeformulas(page136)Sensitivityanalysis10CVPEquationsSales–VariableCosts–FixedCosts=targetprofit(Sales)–(VCratio*Sales)–FC=targetprofit(SP/unit*units)–(VC/unit*units)–FC=targetprofit(Sales)–(VCratio*Sales)–FC=TPratio*Sales11Chapter6:BusinessDecisionsusingCostBehaviorAbsorptioncostingandvariablecostingFunctionalandcontributionincomestatement12SalesVariableCostsContributionMarginDirectMaterialDirectLaborVariableMfg.VariableS&AFixedMfg.FixedS&AProfit13SalesCostofGoodSoldGrossMarginDirectMaterialDirectLaborVariableMfg.FixedMfg.VariableS&AFixedS&AProfit14Chapter7:MakingDecisionsUsingRelevantInformationRelevantInformationRelevantCost&RelevantBenefitSunkCostsOpportunityCostsQuantitativeFactorsQualitativeFactorsSegmentMargin15DeterminingRelevantCostandBenefitIstheitemafuturecostorbenefit?Thecostorbenefitisnotarelevantitem.NoThecostorbenefitisnotarelevantitem.NoThecostorbenefitisarelevantitem.YesDoesthecostorbenefitdifferfromdecisionalternatives?Yes16Accordingtotheabovetwocriteria:Historicalcost(sunkcost)isirrelevant.Futurecostthatwillnotdifferisirrelevant.Variablecostcanbeirrelevant.Fixedcostcanberelevant.Precisebutirrelevantinformationisworthlessfordecisionmaking.Imprecisebutrelevantinformationcanbeuseful.17TypesofProblemsA.EquipmentReplacementSunkCosts&DepreciationB.SpecialOrderFixedCost&OpportunityCostsC.Outsourcing:MakeorBuyDecisionFixedCostsandOpportunityCostsD.DiscontinuingABusinessSegmentAvoidableCosts&UnavoidableCosts18Chapter8:CapitalBudgetingTimevalueofmoneyExhibitA8-5andA8-10(P213andP216)ThebusinessplanningprocessThewhy,thewhat,thehowandthewhoCostofcapitalWeightedaveragecostofcapitalCapitalbudgetingmethodsNetpresentvalueProfitabilityindexInternalrateofreturnPaybackperiodAccountingrateofreturn19Chapter9:TheOperatingBudgetDifferentapproachestobudgetingPreparinganoperatingbudgetSalesbudgetCostofgoodssoldbudgetSellingandadministrativeexpensesbudgetPurchasesbudgetCashbudgetCashreceiptsandcashpaymentsscheduleBudgetedstatementsBalancesheet,incomestatementandstatementofcashflow20Chapter9:TheOperatingBudgetPerformancereportStaticbudgetFlexiblebudgetStaticbudgetvarianceSalesvolumevarianceFlexiblebudgetvarianceFavorablevarianceandunfavorablevarianceManagementbyexception21Chapter10:StandardCostingStandardsQuantityandpricestandardsIdealandpracticalstandardsVarianceAnalysisDirectmaterialquantityvarianceDirectmaterialpricevarianceDirectlaborefficiencyvarianceDirectlaborratevarianceVariablemfg.overheadefficiencyvarianceVariablemfg.overheadspendingvarianceFixedmfg.overheadbudgetvarianceFixedmfg.overheadvolumevariance22Chapter11:EvaluatingPerformanceAllocatingservicedepartmentcostCentralizationanddecentralizationEvaluatingbusinesssegmentsRevenuecenterCostcenterProfitcenterInvestmentcenterReturnoninvestmentandresidualincomeTransferpricing23Problems1.CostallocationandABCCalculateandcomment2.GrossmarginandcontributionmarginAbsorptioncostingandvariablecosting3.CapitalbudgetNetpresentvalueProfitabilityindexInternalrateofreturnPaybackperiodAccountingrateofreturn24Problems4.VarianceanalysisCalculateandcomment5.Cost-volume-profitanalysisBreak-evenpointandtargetprofitSensitivityanaly