第九章经济学术语解释与文献阅读

AppentdixI:TermsofEconomics(经济学术语)•Absoluteadvantage(ininternationaltrade):TheabilityofCountryAtoproduceacommoditymoreefficiently(i.e.,withgreateroutputperunitofinput)thanCountryB.PossessionofsuchasabsoluteadvantagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatAcanexportthiscommoditytoBsuccessfully.CountryBmaystillhavethecomparativeadvantage.•绝对优势：A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地（即单位投入的产出水平比较高等）生产某种商品的能力。这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或比较利益。•Aggregatedemand:Totalplannedordesiredspendingintheeconomyduringagivenperiod.Itisdeterminedbytheaggregatepricelevelandinfluencedbydomesticinvestment,netexports,governmentspending,theconsumptionfunction,andthemoneysupply.•总需求：某一时期一个经济所计划或所需要开支的总数。它取决于总的价格水平，并受到国内投资﹑净出口、政府开支、消费水平和货币供应等因素的影响。•Aggregatedemand(AD)curve:Thecurveshowingtherelationshipbetweenthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatpeoplearewillingtobuyandtheaggregatepricelevel,otherthingsequal.Aswithanydemandcurve,importantvariablesliebehindtheaggregatedemandcurve,e.g.,governmentspending,exports,andthemoneysupply.•总需求曲线：在其他条件不变的情况下，体现一个经济中人们所愿意购买的商品和服务的总量与该经济的价格总水平之间的关系的曲线。同其他需求曲线一样，总需求曲线背后也存在着一系列重要的经济变量，如政府开支、出口和货币供应，等等。•Aggregatesupply:Thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesthatfirmswouldwillinglyproduceinagiventimeperiod.Aggregatesupplyisafunctionofavailableinputs,technology,andthepricelevel.•总供给：某一时期一个经济中各个企业所愿意生产的商品与服务的价值的总和。总供给是可供利用的资源、技术和价格水平的函数。•Aggregatesupply(AS)curve:Thecurveshowingtherelationshipbetweentheoutputfirmswouldwillinglysupplyandtheaggregatepricelevel,otherthingsequal.TheAScurvetendstobeverticalatpotentialoutputintheverylongrunbutmayberelativelyflatintheshortrun.•总供给曲线：在其他条件不变的情况下，体现各企业所愿意提供的总产出与价格总水平之间的关系的曲线。总供给曲线在很长时期内，在潜在产出水平上，倾向于相对地陡峭和垂直；而从短期看，则显得比较平缓。•Appreciation(ofacurrency):Seedepreciation•（通货）升值：见（通货）贬值。•Asset.:Aphysicalpropertyorintangiblerightthathaseconomicvalue.Importantexamplesareplant,equipment,land,patents,copyrights,andfinancialinstrumentssuchasmoneyorbonds.•资产：实物财产或具有经济价值的非实物性的权利。例如工厂、设备、土地、专利、版权以及货币、债券等金融票据。•Averagecost:Refertocost,average•平均成本：见平均成本（cost,average）•Averagecostcurve,long-run(LRAC,orLAC):Thegraphoftheminimumaveragecostofproducingacommodityforeachlevelofoutput,assumingthattechnologyandinputpricesaregivenbutthattheproducerisfreetochoosetheoptimalsizeofplants.•长期平均成本曲线：表示在技术、投入品的价格不变，但生产者可自由选择企业最优规模的条件下，某一产品的各种产量水平所对应的最低平均成本的几何图形。•Averagecostcurve,short-run(SRAC,orSAC):Thegraphoftheminimumaveragecostofproducingacommodity,foreachlevelofoutput,usingthegivenstateoftechnology,inputprices,andexistingplants.•短期平均成本曲线：表示在技术、投入品的价格不变、且企业规模为既定的条件下，某一产品的各种产量水平多对应的最低平均成本的几何图形。•Averagefixedcost:Refertocost,averagefixed.•平均固定成本：见平均固定成本(cost,averagefixed)•Averageproduct:Totalproductoroutputdividedbythequantityofoneoftheinputs.Hence,theaverageproductoflaborisdefinedastotalproductdividedbytheamountoflaborinput,andsimilarlyforotherinputs.•平均产量：总产量或总产出除以一种投入品的数量所得的值。由此，劳动的平均产量定义为总产量除以劳动的投入量。其他投入品的平均产量以此类推。•Averagevariablecost:Refertocost,averagevariable.•平均可变成本：见平均可变成本（cost,averagevariable）•Balancesheet:Astatementofafirm’sfinancialpositionasofagivendate,listingassetsinonecolumn,liabilitiesplusnetworthintheother.Eachitemislistedatitsactualorestimatedmoneyvalue.Totalsofthetwocolumnsmustbalancebecausenetworthisdefinedasassetsminusliabilities.•资产负债表：某时点一个企业的财务状况报表。其中资产列为一栏，负债加净资产在另一栏。每一项都以其实际的或估计的货币价值列出。由于净资产由资产减负债来定义，因此两栏的合计必须平衡。•Balancedbudget:Refertobudget,balanced.•平衡预算：见平衡预算（budget,balanced）•Bank,commercial:Afinancialintermediarywhoseprimedistinguishingfeatureuntilrecentlywasthatitacceptscheckabledeposits.Allfinancialinstitutionsthatholdsavingsandcheckabledepositsarecalleddepositoryinstitutions.•商业银行：一种金融终结。到目前为止，其突出的特点是允许客户对其所存入的款项随时随地签发支票来进行付款和提款。所有接受储蓄和支票存款的金融机构统称为储蓄机构。•Bankmoney:Moneycreatedbybanks,particularlythecheckingaccounts(partofM1)thataregeneratedbyamultipleexpansionofbankreserves.•银行货币：由银行创造的货币，特别是指银行依据其准备金而成倍地扩大其支票账户（M1的组成部分。）•Bankreserves:Refertoreserves,bank.•银行准备金：见银行准备金（reserves,bank）•Barrierstoentry:Factorsthatimpedeentryintoamarketandtherebyreducetheamountofcompetitionorthenumberofproducersinanindustry.Importantexamplesarelegalbarriers,regulation,andproductdifferentiation.•进入壁垒：能够阻碍进入市场、导致竞争减弱或者行业内厂商数量减少的那些因素。例如法律规定、管制和产品差异等。•Barter:Thedirectexchangeofonegoodforanotherwithoutusinganythingasmoneyorasamediumofexchange•易货贸易：商品直接交换，而不需要使用任何物品充当货币或交易媒介。•Benefitprinciple(oftaxation):Theprinciplethatpeopleshouldbetaxedinproportiontothebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentprograms•（税收的）受益原则：认为税收与人们从政府活动中的收益应当成比例的原则。•Bond:Aninterest-bearingcertificateissuedbyagovernmentorcorporation,promisingtorepayasumofmoney(theprincipal)plusinterestatspecifieddatesinthefuture.•债券：由政府或企业发行的有息政权，保证在未来特定日期还本付息。•Break-evenpoint(inmacroeconomics):Foranindividual,family,orcommunity,thatlevelofincomeatwhich100percentisspentonconsumption(i.e.,thepointwherethereisneithersavingnordissaving).Positivesavingbeginsathigherincomelevels.•（宏观经济学中的）收支相抵点：个人、家庭或社会团体的一种收入境况或收入水平。在该情况，所有的收入正好被用来消费（既没有正储蓄也没有副储蓄）。只有在更高的收入水平上才会有正储蓄。•Broadmoney:Ameasureofthemoneysupply(alsoknownasM2)thatincludestransactionsmoney(orM1)aswellassavingsaccountsinban