经济学原理图解

3.12344.1232.123121.2.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.-2-123452.1233.124.125.1231.-3-1.1.122.2.18060263.80602614.80602663.123454.1.2.3.1235.-4-2.GWG3.1(2)1.122.1C2Vm1.m,m/v.2.3.2.123.1234.1WGW()2GWG()GWGGGGGG31.1.-5-1.2.12.12123.124.121.2.123.4.1.2123-6-1.P()WG()2.GPW3.GWAPmPWG4.(1):GWPWGGWPWGGWP(2)GGPPWW5.GWAPm-7-1.(1)(2)()()(3)n()Uu()2.(1)(2)()()(3):43.4.1235.-8-1.2.3.4.1C+V+M1.100%2.14,000C2500V+500m31,000V+1,000m2,000C3.1IV+m=C.2IC+V+m=IC+C.3C+V+m=IV+m+C+V+m.4,000C+1000V+1000m=6,0002,000C500V+500m=3,000+-9-11+4,000C+1000V+1000m=6,0001,500C750V+750m=3,0009,0002+4,400C+1100V+500m=6,0001,600C800V+600m=3,0009,00034,400C1,100V+1,100m6,6001,600C800V800m=3,2009,8002IV+mCC.3.1Vm/Z+m/X=(C+m/Y)(2)CV+m=(C+m/Y)(C+m/Y)3CV+m=(V+m/Z+m/Y)(V+m/Z+m/Y)mm/Ym/Zm/X-10-1.2.*-11-1.,,2.(1)P=m/C=m/c+vC23.1234.(1)+21.2.3.124.%7030301302020120-10802020120202012009010101102020120+10240606036020603600-12-1.2.3.1.2.1.1.2.3.2.1233.4./1.2.12-13-V+M1.2.90301515601592131.2.1.2.-14-21.1232.1233.11960702187319901873319190019031.123452.1-15-3.1234124.1235.12-16-1;221.1232.1.2.123“”“”()1234-18-PIPsPcTEQQd=abPIQd=f(P).(P)aPjPi(E)Qs=c+dPQsb+r·P.Qd=abPQsc+dPQd=QsP*=(a+c)/(b+d)Q*=ab(a+c)/(b+d)-19-EdEd=(dQ/dP)×(P/Q)Ed=(dQ/dP)[(P1+P2)/(Q1+Q2)]P/QQ/PP/QEd1;Ed1;Ed=1;Ed=0;Ed=8EdEdEdEdEm=(dQ/dI)(I/Q).Em=(dQ/dI)[(I1+I2)/(Q1+Q2)].Em0Em0Ed1Ed1Ed=12.-20-Exy=xExy=(dQx/dPy)(Py/Qx).Exy=(Qx/Py)[(Py1+Py2)/(Qx1+Qx2)].Exy0yxExy0yxExy=0xyEsEd=(dQs/dP)(P/Q).Ed=(Qs/P)[(P1+P2)/(Q1+Q2)].Es1;Es1;Es=1;Es=0;Es=ds.ds.sd.-21-TU=f(Q).MU=TU(Q)/QMU=dTU(Q)/dQTUMU00166211531544183520262117210820-1200102468TU(a)6203216547(b)6.546.5TUMU200102468TU(a)6203216547(b)6.546.5200102468TU(a)6203216547(b)6.546.5TUMU-22-(MUX)/PX=(MUY)/PY=MmMmQXPX+QYPY=MMm(MUX)/PX(MUY)/PY=MmXMUX)/PXMmXYYXMRSXY=(Y)/(+X)YXYPX/Py.P1P2IIP1P2IP2P1IP1P2PX*xPY*yM.TUSEIESEIETE|SE||IE||SE||IE|-23-LKQ=fLKLKLKQ=f(L)TPAPMPTPMPTPMPTP=MPMPTPMP=(TP)/(L)L0MP=(dTP)/(dL)MP=TPTPAPTPAPTP=(AP)LAPTPAP=(TP)/LAPMPMPAPAPMPAPAPAPTPMPTPOBBCCLAPLLTPTPL-24-LKKQ=fLK.returnsforscale-25-TCACMCSCSTFC/QSAVC/Q=S/?SdSTC/dQ.LTCLTC=LTC(Q)LCLACLAC=LTC/QLMCLMC=LTC/LMCdLTC/dQ.QCC=f(Q)APAVCAVC=WL/Q=W/(Q/L)=W/APLAPLAVCMPMCMC=dTC/dQ=WdL/dQ=W/(dQ/dL)W/MPLMPLMCSACSAFCSAVCSMCSMC(Q)=dSTC(Q)/dQLTCLTC=LTC(Q)LACLAC(Q)=LTC(Q)/QLMCLMC(Q)=dLTC(Q)/dQSMC-26-RQIi=()/Q=P.Q=0CSMCSACSAVCQOAFCCSMCSACQOAFCCSMCSACSAVCQOAFCCSMCSACQOAFC-27-MR=AR=PMRAR-28-MRAR-29-gametheory12345671.123.1234-30-12VMPWMPPW312WdYdUdldU⋅=3L123()-31-generalequilibriumofexchangeXYMRTSXYMRTSAXY=MRTSBXYParetoOptimalityParetoEfficiencyMRTSMRTXY=MRTSXY=MRSBBXY121OPOIOYOPYOP0PY02AB=A/(A+B)A=00B=0101oAB100%IY100%(P)-32-1212312341231—2—3—23121212122.123.12341GDP=C+I+G+NX.21.GDP2.NetDomesticProductNDP=GDP-3.NationalIncomeNI=NDP++4.PersonalIncomePI=NI+++5.DisposablePersonalIncomeDPI1.—GNP=NNP=NI.Y=C+I.Y=C+S.Y=+++C+I=C+SI=S.2.—()(1)Y=C+I+G(2)T=T0TrT0TrY=C+S+TI+G=S+TI=S+TG.TG3.—1Y=C+I+G+XM2Y=C+S+T+KrKrC+I+G+XM=C+S+T+KrI=S+TG+MX+Kr.GDPGDP1.GDP2.GDP3.GDP=GDP/GDPGDP1.2.1GDP2GDPGDP3GDP4GDP5GDP6GDP3.2.GDPGDP=+++++1.121.GDP-34-1123GNP=NNP=NI=PI.212y=c+i.3E=y=c+I=c+sI=s=1.12MPC==c/y=dc/dy.APCc/yMPC1.MPCC=+y2.3.4.2APCMPCAPCMPCAPSMPSAPSMPS.3APCAPS1MPC+MPS1MPC23s=sy2MPS=SY=dydsAPS=s/y3C=+ys=yc=y+y=+1y1.y=c+ic=+yy=+i/1I=yc=ss=-+1yy=+i/11.2.k=y/i=1/1MPC=1/1=1/MPSkg=y/g=1/1MPCkt=-/1ktr=/1yd=yt+try=c+I+g=+yd+i+gy=+I+g+trt/1ktr=y/tr=/1.kb=y/g=1.1.y=c+I+gy=c+s+t.2.c+i+g=c+s+ti+g=s+t.-35-1.(1)(2)(3)I=Ir=edredr2.MECR=R1/1+r+R2/1+r2+R3/1+r3Rn/1+rn+J/1+rnJnr3.:RrrIS1.IS1y=+i/1I=edry=+edr/1I=s3()2.ISyba--+1drede+adb-1db-1ISd.ddIStIS3.4y=ktT-36-1.LM1.LM2.LMLMLMy3.LM1M22.12L1=L1y=ky.3L2=L2r=-hr.3.4.L=L1y+L2r=kyhrp.1mm=kyhry=m/k+rm/hr=yk/hm/h.2LM35.(1)M1M1+(2)-37-iSiSiSiSLMLMLMLMCMECirLL=L1+L2m=m1+m2m1m1m2APC=C/y.MPC=C/y.m=m1+m2k=1/1C/y.1.1yCrir=syM==L1y+L2r2IS-LM2.ISLMISLM-38-1.2.1.IS-LM1.12LMISLMISLMLM2.12LMy=m/k12344.3.112Kgkh;d3.1ISLMIS2LMISISISISISIS3ISLMIS2.1ISLM2LMIS23GNP-39-1.1.2.12CPIPPIGNPdeflator.342.123.12-40-1.2.12123=========D=R/rd.3.12=======3====4-41-1.2.AD=C+I+G+NX.3.2.6.rLM1YPADLM0r1P0P1Y1Y0r0ISrLM1YPADLM0r1P0P1Y1Y0r0ISYPADLM0r1P0P1Y1Y0r0IS1P=L(Md)=r=I=AD2P===CI=AD3P==T=YD=CI=AD4P=PMPX=MX=NX=AD5P====AD4.5.IS-LM1.1),(KNFY=.2Y=F(N,K).3.12K1()2()-42-1.2.1.Unemployment1.12122.1FrictionalUnemployment2SeasonalUnemployment3CyclicalUnemployment3.12U/N=l/(l+f).11GDPGDP2(yyf)/yf=-a(uu*).2.3.-43-1.Y=AF(K,L)AAKKLLYYΔ+Δ+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡Δ-=Δ)()1(qqYYΔLLΔKKΔAAΔqqGDP,,LKkLYy==LLyyYYΔ+Δ=ΔLLkkKKΔ+Δ=ΔAAkkyyΔ+Δ=Δq3.1211---=ttttYYYG11---=ttttyyyg-44-1.2.12343.13.5192328~10186035019254.1234567123nsgnY=F(K,AL)AALyY/LkK/L)(kfyI=S=Δk0kdnsy)(+=dKIK-=ΔQdksyLK-=ΔQnLL=ΔnkkLK+Δ=Δkdnsyk)(+-=Δ),(Akfy=AAgΔ=kdgnsyk)(++-=Δ