诺贝尔经济学弟子讲座2

Decentralization,ForestsandRuralCommunitiesPolicyOutcomesinSouthandSoutheastAsiaEdwardL.WebbandGaneshP.ShivakotiPublishedbySagePress,India,February2008Problemsassociatedwitheitherorpolicydichotomy（二分法）•TragedyoftheCommons（Private）•Prisoner’sDilemmas,and（Nationalized）•TheLogicofCollectiveAction（Benefit&cost）•Ledthethinkingintermsof:–marketversusstate–centralizationversusdecentralization–dominatedearlypolicyanalysisandtheseledeithertofailedcentralizationpoliciesorimpositionofasystemofprivatepropertyrights.•AlargegapexistsbetweenpolicyandrecentempiricalresearchExamplesofcentralizationofforestresourcesinAsia•Bhutan:ThrimzhungChenmo(SupremeLaw)1959•India:1878IndianForestAct•Indonesia:1967BasicForestryLawNo.67•Nepal:1957PrivateForestsAct•Thailand:1913ForestProtectionAct•Vietnam:1975implementationofcommunesystemOutcomesofcentralization•Lossoflocalauthorityandtraditionalrights•Openaccessresourcebase•Over-harvestingofnaturalresourcesDespitecomplexities,wecansaythatforestlosshasgenerallynotbeenpreventedbycentralizationpoliciesForestdecentralizationpolicyinSandSEAsiaIndia:JointForestManagement(JFM)(1990)Nepal:CommunityandLeaseholdForestry(1976,1989,1993)Thailand:Communityforestry(outsideprotectedareas)anddecentralizationofRFD(1986)Indonesia:Re-emergenceofnagarisystem(1999)Vietnam:Doimoi,forest/landallocation(1986,1991)Importantdecentralizationquestions•Whathavebeentheoutcomesofrecentforestrydecentralization(practicallyandtheoretically)totheforest-accessingcommunities?•Whatpolicyandcommunityfeaturesfacilitateorhindercommunityadaptation?ContributorsandCollaboratorsArunAgrawal,SchoolofNaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,UniversityofMichiganLamDorji,RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofNature,Thimpu,BhutanNgoTriDung,HueUniversityofForestryandAgriculture,VietnamBirendraKarna,MukundaKarmacharya,NepalForestResourcesandInstitutionsResearchProgramNepalAmbikaP.Gautam,NitayaKijtewachakul,GaneshShivakoti,EdwardL.Webb,AsianInstituteofTechnologyRuchaGhate,DeepshikhaMehra,SHODH:TheInstituteforResearchandDevelopementIndiaHariniNagendra,AshokaTrustforResearchinEcologyandtheEnvironment,IndiaElinorOstrom,WorkshopinPoliticalTheoryandPolicyAnalysis,IndianaUniversityYonariza,AndalasUniversity,WestSumatraOurresearchmethods•CasestudiesusingtheInternationalForestryResourcesandInstitutions(IFRI)protocol•Interdisciplinarymethodincluding:–Botanicalinventory–Institutionalanalysis–Historicaltransect大事记–Remotesensing/GISSynthesis:FacilitatingDecentralizedPoliciesforSustainableGovernanceandManagementofForestResourcesinAsiaChallenges•Managementtype:Community-managed,government-managed,self-initiated,NGO-promoted,conservation-oriented,utilization-oriented•Priorhistory:Long-term(n=5),medium-term(n=6),recent(n=8)•Forestsize:Small(n=6),medium(n=5),large(n=8)•Usergroupsize:Small(n=8),medium(n=5),large(n=6)•Heterogeneity:Homogeneous(n=9),heterogeneous(n=10)•Forestcondition:Degraded(n=9),good(n=4),excellent(n=6)StructuralVariables•Centrallymanaged(n=6)•Co-managedwithhighorlowconflict(n=16)•Locallymanaged(n=9)*morethanonemanagementsystemmayapplySupportStructures•Networks:None(3),good(10),excellent(6)•Legalplurality:Absent(3),weak(6),good(10)•Reliableinformation:Unavailableorunreliable(8),availableandgood(11)•Effectivelinktohigherlevelofgovernance:Absentorpoor(11),presentandgood(8)•Provisionsforbuildingsocialcapital:Absent(5),present(14)•Conflictresolutionmechanisms;Absent(2),availableandindigenous(4),introduced(13)Results•Monitoring:Absentorpoor(7),effective(12)•ForestCondition:Degraded(8),good(7),verygood(4)•Equity:Low(6),medium(2),high(9)•EliteCapture:low(10),medium(5),high(4)CM•ConflictManagement:Difficult(10),moderate(1),easy(8)•RecoveryfromInitialFailure:No(7),yes(12)•SustainabilityEvidence:None(1),Availablebutlow(5),Moderate(5),Presentathigherlevel(9)GeneralConclusions•Thereisaremarkablediversityofchallenges,structuralvariables,supportstructuresandoutcomesacrossthesecasestudies•Thesolutionsforsustainabledecentralizedforestmanagementwillbeasdiverseasthecontextsthemselves.•Flexibilityofpolicyandthewillingnessofgovernmentstoallowlocalactorstoexperiment,testandexplorenewpotentialsolutionsisabsolutelyessentialforlongtermsuccess.•Rigidgovernmentalstructuresthatdonotfullydecentralizetheauthority,andinherentlytheopportunity,tocraftlocalsolutionsaredestinedtobelesssuccessfulthanthoseallowing–andsupporting–localcreativityandlocalinstitutionstothrive.