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SlidespreparedbyThomasBishopCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.Chapter4资源、比较优势与收入分配Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistributionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-2前言Preview•生产可能性Productionpossibilities•产品价格、要素价格与生产的投入与产出水平Relationshipamongoutputprices,input(factor)prices,andlevelsofinputs/output•赫克歇尔-俄林模型TradeintheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel•要素价格均等化Factorpriceequalization•收入分配和收入不均等Incomedistributionandincomeinequality•实证检验EmpiricalevidenceCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-3前言Introduction•在现实世界中,劳动生产率之间的差异可以部分地解释贸易产生的原因,而贸易的产生同样反映了国家间资源禀赋的差异。•赫克歇尔-俄林理论:•劳动充裕的国家拥有生产劳动密集型产品的比较优势,资本充裕的国家拥有生产资本密集型产品的比较优势。如果两国发生贸易,劳动充裕的国家应该生产并出口劳动密集型产品,进口资本密集型产品;资本充裕的国家应该生产并出口资本密集型产品,进口劳动密集型产品。Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-4商品价格生产成本生产技术要素价格要素供给(禀赋)要素的派生需求最终产品的需求偏好收入分配古典模型H-O模型要素禀赋理论的一般均衡框架Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-5前言Introduction•Whiletradeispartlyexplainedbydifferencesinlaborproductivity,italsocanbeexplainedbydifferencesinresourcesacrosscountries.•贸易发生的原因:劳动生产率与资源差异•TheHeckscher-Ohlintheoryarguesthatdifferencesinlabor,laborskills,physicalcapital,landorotherfactorsofproductionacrosscountriescreateproductivedifferencesthatexplainwhytradeoccurs.Countrieshavearelativeabundance相对充裕offactorsofproduction.Productionprocessesusefactorsofproductionwithrelativeintensity相对密集.Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-6赫克歇尔-俄林理论TheHeckscher-OhlinModel赫克歇尔-俄林理论:Heckscher-Ohlintheory强调要素禀赋的差异是贸易产生的唯一动因表明比较优势是受下列因素影响的:•相对要素充裕度(就国家而言)•相对要素密集度(就产品而言)还被称为要素比例理论factor-proportionstheory不同要素在不同国家比例不同;不同要素在不同产品投入比例不同;Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-7埃利·赫克歇尔(EliHeckscher)《域际和国际贸易》老师伯蒂尔·俄林(BertilOhlin)学生Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-8关于模型aboutModel•模型的假设•模型的设立与分析•模型的假说•假说理论•一国的假设;两国的假设?Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-9两要素的赫克歇尔俄林经济模型TwoFactorHeckscher-OhlinModel模型的假定:1.Laborservicesandlandaretheresourcesimportantforproduction.劳动和土地是生产的重要资源。2.Theamountoflaborservicesandlandvariesacrosscountries,andthisvariationinfluencesproductivity.不同国家资源存量,从而影响生产率。3.Thesupplyoflaborservicesandlandineachcountryisconstant.各国劳动和土地供给给定。Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-10两要素的赫克歇尔俄林经济模型TwoFactorHeckscher-OhlinModel4.Onlytwogoodsareimportantforproductionandconsumption:clothandfood.假定两种产品。5.Competitionallowsfactorsofproductiontobepaida“competitive”wage,afunctionoftheirproductivitiesandthepriceofthegoodthattheyproduce,andallowsfactorstobeusedintheindustrythatpaysthemost.市场竞争使得要素可获得“竞争性”工资,要素将付高薪资的部门从业。6.Onlytwocountriesaremodeled:domesticandforeign两国假设。Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-11模型的假设条件•一个国家生产两种产品:棉布cloth和粮食food.•两种产品的生产需要投入两种有限供给的要素:劳动(L)和土地(T)。•两个国家中,粮食的生产是土地密集型的,而棉布的生产是劳动密集型的。•所有市场是完全竞争的。两要素经济模型Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-12生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•Whenthereismorethanonefactorofproduction,theopportunitycostinproductionisnolongerconstantandthePPFisnolongerastraightline.Why?•当模型不是唯一要素投入,机会成本不再不变,生产可能性边界也不再是直线。?•Let’sexpandthepreviouschapter’smodeltoincludetwofactorsofproduction,laborservicesandland.aTC=hectaresoflandusedtoproduceonem2ofclothaLC=hoursoflaborusedtoproduceonem2ofclothaTF=hectaresoflandusedtoproduceonecalorieoffoodaLF=hoursoflaborusedtoproduceonecalorieoffoodL=totalamountoflaborservicesavailableforproductionT=totalamountofland(terrain)availableforproductionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-13生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•两要素模型的生产可能性边界•Productionpossibilitiesareinfluencedbybothlandandlabor(requirements):aTFQF+aTCQC≤TaLFQF+aLCQC≤LTotalamountoflandresourcesLandrequiredforeachunitoffoodproductionTotalunitsoffoodproductionLandrequiredforeachunitofclothproductionTotalunitsofclothproductionTotalamountoflaborresourcesLaborrequiredforeachunitoffoodproductionLaborrequiredforeachunitofclothproductionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-14生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•Let’sassumethateachunitofclothproductionuseslaborservicesintensivelyandeachunitoffoodproductionuseslandintensively:•衣服为劳动密集型;食物为土地密集型;aLC/aTCaLF/aTFOraLC/aLFaTC/aTFOr,weconsiderthetotalresourcesusedineachindustryandsaythatclothproductionislaborintensiveandfoodproductionislandintensiveifLC/TCLF/TF.•Thisassumptioninfluencestheslopeoftheproductionpossibilityfrontier:Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-15Fig.4-1:要素不可替代的生产可能性边界TheProductionPossibilityFrontierWithoutFactorSubstitutionCopyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-16生产的可能性ProductionPossibilities•Theopportunitycostofproducingclothintermsoffoodisnotconstantinthismodel:•此模型中:机会成本不再不变。it’slowwhentheeconomyproducesalowamountofclothandahighamountoffood生产少量衣服,大量食物时,机会成本小;反之就大。it’shighwhentheeconomyproducesahighamountofclothandalowamountoffoodWhy?Becausewhentheeconomydevotesallresourcestowardstheproductionofasinglegood,themarginalproductivityofthoseresourcestendstobelowsothatthe(
本文标题:0第4章资源、比较优势与收入分配
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