英语语法Lecture-23-25-形容词、副词及比较结构

Adjective&AdjectivePhraseAdverb&AdverbPhraseComparison&ComparativeConstructionsAdjective&AdjectivePhrase•1.单词形容词和复合形容词：•形容词，就词的构成来说，分为单词形容词（one-wordadjective）和复合形容词（compoundadjective).23.1Classification•2.中心形容词和外围形容词：•形容词，就其句法功能(syntacticfunction)来说，分为中心形容词（centraladjective）和外围形容词（peripheraladjective）.•中心形容词（centraladjective）如：•Greenapplesaresour.(modifierinanounphrase)•Pillar-boxesaregreen.(subjectcomplement)•Theyhavepaintedthewindowsgreen.(objectcomplement)•外围形容词（peripheraladjective）如：•Thisisutternonsense.(onlyasapremodifier)•Thischildisasleep.(onlyascomplement)•3.动态形容词和静态形容词：•形容词，按词汇意义(semantically)，分为动态形容词（dynamicadjective）和静态形容词（staticadjective）.•动态形容词（dynamicadjective）如：abusive,ambitious,awkward,brave,calm,careful,dull,enthusiastic,extravagant,faithful,reasonable,rude,thoughtful,troublesome,vain,vicious,wicked,witty等。1)gowiththeprogressiveaspectoftheverbbe,2)co-occurwithimperativebe3)appliedtocausativeconstruction•静态形容词（staticadjective）如：tall,short,big,small,ugly,beautiful,shallow,deep,blue,white等。•4.等级形容词和非等级形容词：•就语态学/词法（morphology)来说，形容词还可分为等级形容词（gradableadjective）和非等级形容词（Non-gradableadjective）.•等级形容词（gradableadjective）如：•tall---taller---tallest•beautiful---morebeautiful---mostbeautiful•非等级形容词（Non-gradableadjective）如：atomicscientist,hydrochloricacid,Frenchfood,Chinesecarpet•又如：perfect，excellent,extreme等。23.2Adjectiveand–ing/-edparticiple1.Adjectivesderivedfrom–ingparticiple•canbemodifiedbyvery;•haveformsofcomparativeandsuperlativedegrees;•andmaybeusedascomplementinasentence•canbemadenegativebyaddingtheprefixun-•由-ing分词转化来的形容词常见的有：absorbing,alarming,amusing,annoying,boring,challenging,changing,charming,comforting,confusing,convincing,deafening,discouraging,disturbing,exciting,fascinating,frightening,humiliating,insulting,obliging,perishing,pleasing,perishing,tempting,terrifying,thrilling,tiring,vexing,worrying等。2.Adjectivesderivedfrom–edparticiple•canbemodifiedbyvery;•haveformsofcomparativeandsuperlativedegrees;•andmaybeusedascomplementinasentence•somecanfunctionasadjectivebycompoundingwithadverb•由-ed分词转化来的形容词常见的有：alarmed,amazed,amused,balanced,bored,conceited,celebrated,civilized,disappointed,distinguished,divided,educated,embarrassed,excited,exhausted,fascinated,frightened,hurried,interested,limited,noted,offended,pleased,relaxed,reserved,satisfied,uncooked,uncovered,undecided,unsettled,worried等。•badly-behaved,well-built…•3.activeorpassivemeaning•由-ing分词转化来的形容词通常带有主动意义，而由及物动词的-ed分词转化来的形容词则通常带有被动意义。如：boilingwaterboiledwateracharminggirlacharmedgirlexcitingnewsanexcitedaudienceaninterestingstoryaninterestedlookapleasingvoiceapleasedlookaterrifyingstoryaterrifiedwoman23.3形容词（词组）作名词修饰语modifierinnounphrase•1.形容词（词组）的前置与后置：•同一级别按长短，先短后长•前置形容词词序排列：限定词---表示说话人评价的形容词---表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词---表示颜色的形容词---表示国别、来源、材料的形容词---表示用途或目的的形容词、名词等类别词---名词中心词。•E.g.Theman’sfirsttwointerestinglittleredFrenchoilpaintings•某些中心名词所修饰的形容词只能后置：•Theheadwordisasome-/any-/nocompound;•Adjectiveswithaprepositionalphraseoraninfinitiveascomplementation;…•E.g.Thepeopleinvolved/concerned/interested•Determiners—articlesandotherlimiters.•Observation—postdeterminersandlimiteradjectives(e.g.,arealhero,aperfectidiot)andadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure(e.g.,beautiful,interesting)•SizeandShape—adjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure(e.g.,wealthy,large,round)•Age—adjectivesdenotingage(e.g.,young,old,new,ancient)•Color—adjectivesdenotingcolor(e.g.,red,black,pale)•Origin—denominaladjectivesdenotingsourceofnoun(e.g.,French,American,Canadian)•Material—denominaladjectivesdenotingwhatsomethingismadeof(e.g.,woolen,metallic,wooden)•Qualifier—finallimiter,oftenregardedaspartofthenoun(e.g.,rockingchair,huntingcabin,passengercar,bookcover)•2.补语形容词：predicativeadjective•补语形容词主要有两类：•一类是表示健康状况的词：•E.g.He’sverywell.•Youlookill.•另一类是以前缀a-开首的词，不能单独做前置修饰语：•E.g.Thetwobrothersareverymuchalike.•Iwasaloneinthehouse.•Hewasasleep.•Althoughold,heisverymuchalive,•Theskywasaglowwiththesettingsun.•thefastasleepchild•3.形容词词组与关系分句relativeclause•凡能做后置修饰语的形容词或形容词词组，其含义往往相当于一个关系分句。•E.g.Thememberspresent=thememberswhoarepresent•Anythinginteresting=anythingthatisinteresting•Anywherequiet=anywherethatisquiet23.4形容词词组作补语complement•1.形容词+介词词组：•E.g.Hewasabsentformthemeeting.•I’mnotyetaccustomedtothecold.•Don’tbeafraidofdifficulties.•Shefeltashamedofherself.•Iwasastonishedathisbehaviour.•Booksareverydeartohim.•Theywereterriblyworriedaboutyou.•2.形容词+不定式：•E.g.Sheisstupidnottofollowyouradvice.•=Itisstupidofhernottofollowyouradvice.•Heisimpossibletoteach.•=Itisimpossibletoteachhim.•Hewasdisappointedtohearaboutit.•=Tohearaboutitdisappointedhim.•3.形容词+that-分句•E.g.I’msurethatwe’llsucceed.•I’mgladthatyoulikeit.•Shewasamazedthatheshouldarrivesosoon.•I’msurprisedtolearnthathedidn’tcome.•Heisconfident(that)hewillbeabletopasstheexam.Adverb&AdverbPhraseThisisforyourearsonly.Thisisonlyforyourears.Onlythisisforyourears.Thisisforyouonlyear.•Theworkthathehopedwouldsatisfyhimcompletelyfrustratedhim.ClassificationandfunctionFunction•Tomodifyaverb,anadjective,apreposition,aconjunctionoranotheradverb.•Maybeusedas