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信用证案例分析程军中国银行总行国际结算部总监ICCCHINA信用证专家组成员Copyright@2005ChengJunKEYISSUEONELCFRAUD(信用证欺诈问题)Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUD1、UCP中没有信用证欺诈的规定。2、UCP中也没有规定信用证欺诈的救济。3、寻求司法救济—信用证欺诈例外原则。1)什么是信用证欺诈—信用证欺诈的认定标准问题。2)信用证欺诈例外的例外问题。Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUD信用证欺诈例外原则是指在肯定信用证独立性原则的前提下,允许银行在存在信用证欺诈的情况下,不予兑付,法院亦可以颁发止付令对银行的兑付行为予以禁止。三个理论基础欺诈使一切变得无效(frausomniacorrumpit)诚实信用原则公共秩序保留原则Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUD信用证欺诈认定的标准1、美国的标准A)Pre-UCCPositionB)PriorUCCArticle5PositionC)RevisedUCCArticle5PositionCopyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDA)Pre-UCCPositionTheSztejnCase(1941年里程碑式的判例:Sztejnv.J.HenrySchroderBankingCorp(31N.Y.S.2d631))Intentionalfraud/egregiousfraud/amoreflexibleequitablestandardoffraudCopyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDB)PriorUCCArticle5Position4-114(2)条:“除非另有协议,当各项单据表面符合信用证条款,但其中某项必要单据事实上不符合所有权凭证之流通或转让中的担保(warrantymadeonnegotiationortransferofadocumentoftitle)(第7-507条)或保付证券之流通或转让中的担保(第8-306条)时,或某项必要单据属于伪造、带有欺诈或在交易中存在欺诈时,a.开证人必须兑付汇票或支付命令,如果提出兑付要求的是议付银行;或是取得信用证项下之汇票或支付命令的其他执票人,只要该执票人取得汇票或支付命令的方式使其可以成为正当执票人(第3-302条),或在适当情况下,使其可以成为所有权凭证正常流通后的受让人(第7-502条)或保付证券的善意购买人(第8-302条);以及b.在所有其他情况下,相对于客户来说,开证人只要善意作为,就可以兑付汇票或支付命令,即使客户已经发出通知,说明单据上存在欺诈、伪造或其他表面上不能显见的缺陷;但具有适当管辖权的法院可以禁止此种兑付。”)Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUD判例中出现了大量不同的认定信用证欺诈的标准1)IntentionalFraudNMCEnterprisesIncv.ColumbiaBroadcastingSystemInc.((1974)14UCCRepServ1427)2)LetterofcreditfraudEmery-WaterhouseCov.RhodeIslandHospitalTrustNationalBank((1985)757F2d399)3)FlexibleStandardUnitedBankLtdv.CambridgeSportingGoodsCorp((1976)392NYS2d265)Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUD4)ConstructivefraudDynamicsCorpofAmericav.Citizens&SouthernNationalBank((1973)356FSupp991)5)EgregiousFraud:GrossfraudIntraworldIndustriesIncv.GirardTrustBank((1975)336A2d316)Thecourtjudged:“…thecircumstanceswhichwilljustifyaninjunctionagainsthonormustbenarrowlylimitedtosituationsoffraudwhichthewrongdoingofthebeneficiaryhassovitiatedtheentiretransactionthatthelegitimatedpurposesoftheindependenceoftheissuer’sobligationwouldnolongerbeserved…”Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDC)RevisedUCCArt5PositionMaterialfraud(5-109:a)如果一次交单在其表面上严格和信用证的条件和条款相符,但是其中所要求的一个单据是伪造的或实质上是欺诈的(forgedormateriallyfraudulent),或者兑付该交付的单据将促成受益人对开证行和开证申请人的实质上的欺诈(facilitateamaterialfraud)…一个凭善意行事的开证人,可以兑付也可不兑付交单…b)如果一个开证申请人提出,该信用证所要求交单的单据是伪造的或实质上欺诈性的或兑付该单据将会实质上促成受益人对开证人和开证申请人的欺诈,那么一个法律上有合格管辖权的法院(competentcourt)可以临时或永久性地禁止开证人兑付某一提示,或者针对受益人或其他人采取其他相类似的补救方法。)Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDOFFICALCOMMENTS:“Theuseofthewordrequiresthatthefraudulentaspectofadocumentbematerialtoapurchaserofthatdocumentorthatthefraudulentactbematerialtotheparticipantsintheunderlyingtransaction.”一个通俗易懂的例子。Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUD对“materialfraud”的把握:★对于单据中的欺诈而言,“实质性欺诈”达到令单据无效的严重程度,破坏了其作为信用证交易所特定要求的本质;★对于基础交易中的欺诈而言,受益人非根本性的违约一般不能被认为构成欺诈,只有受益人的行为严重违背包括基础合同在内的整个交易安排,导致对方的根本合同目的或主要目的已经落空时,才构成“实质性欺诈”。★5-109及正式评论都没有明确规定要举证受益人的欺诈意图。Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDCASESTUDIES:HyosungAmerica,Inc.v.SumaghTextileCo.信用证及基础合同中要求受益人出运“fabricwitha65%rayon/35%woolcontent”。受益人实际出运“fabricwitha70%rayon/30%woolcontent”,但提交的单据中却虚假地显示与信用证相同的货物且单据相符。Q:Applicant是否可以欺诈为由向法院申请支付该笔信用证下的付款?Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDUnderNewYorklaw,theessentialelementsofacommonlawfraudclaiminclude:a.Amaterial,falserepresentation;b.Intenttodefraud;c.Reasonablerelianceontherepresentation;d.Causingdamagestotheplaintiff.Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDThebeneficiaryadmittedthatithadknownthatthefibrecontentofthegoodsshippeddidnotmatchthedescriptionofthegoodsstatedinthepresenteddocuments.ThebeneficiaryalsoknewthattheissuingbankwouldbeliabletopayundertheL/CifdocumentsthatappearontheirfacetocomplywithL/Ctermswerepresented.Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDThecourtthereforeconcludedthatthebeneficiaryhadintendedtodefraudtheissuerandthata5%discrepancyinfabriccontentwasmaterialtotheunderlyingsalestransaction.“misrepresentationwasmaterialbecausetheissuerwouldnothavehonoredthecredithadthemisrepresentationnotbeenmade.“Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDWesternSuretyCo.v.BankofSouthernOregonBankofSouthernOregon开立了两份以WesternSuretyCo.为受益人的备用信用证,用来反担保WesternSuretyCo.开出的两份履约保函,该保函一份对应于Washington的工程,一份对应于Oregon的工程。但备用证中并未明确是对应于具体的工程。受益人在对应于Washington的工程的保函项下遭到索赔,却分别在两份备用证下提交汇票索款,开证人对对应于Oregon工程的备用证以受益人的实质性欺诈为由拒绝付款。Q:开证人的以实质性欺诈为由的抗辩能成立吗?Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDCOURT:“…First,thereisnoevidenceofarepresentationbythebeneficiary.Indeed,theonlyevidenceofrecordisthatthebeneficiarymerelypresentedtheBankwiththedraftsrequiredbytheletters.Further,assumingthatWestern'sdraftsactedassomesortofrepresentation,thereisnoevidencethatitwasfalse.Thelettersofcreditareidenticalontheirface,exceptforthenumber,date,expirationdateandaggregateamount,andthereisnoindicationanywhereonthemthattheywereforspecificconstructionprojects.Copyright@2005ChengJunLCFRAUDCOURT:“toestablishaclaimforfraud,theBankhadtoshowthattherewasagenuineissueofmaterialfactastothefollowingelements:(1)arepresentation;(2)itsfalsity;(3)itsmateriality;(4)thespeaker'sknowledgeofitsfalsityorignoranceofitstruth;(5)hisintentthatitshouldbeactedonbythepersonandinthemannerreasonablycontemplated;(6)th
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