Stockholders’Equity(中级会计学-赖红宁)

1TheBalanceSheetandtheStatementofChangesinStockholders’EquityChapter3AnelectronicpresentationbyDouglasCloudPepperdineUniversity21.Understandthepurposesofthebalancesheet.2.Definetheelementsofabalancesheet.3.Explainhowtomeasuretheelementsofabalancesheet.4.Classifytheassetsofabalancesheet.5.Classifytheliabilitiesofabalancesheet.6.Reportthestockholders’equityofabalancesheet.ObjectivesContinued37.Prepareastatementofchangesinstockholders’equity.8.Understandtheotherdisclosureissuesforabalancesheet.9.DescribetheSECintegrateddisclosures.10.Explainthereportingtechniquesusedinanannualreport.Objectives4FASBStatementofConceptsNo.5FASBStatementofConceptsNo.5recommendsthatafullsetoffinancialstatementsforanaccountingperiodshouldshowacompany’s...5(1)Financialpositionattheendoftheperiod.(2)Netincomefortheperiod.(3)Comprehensiveincomefortheperiod.(4)Cashflowsfortheperiod.(5)Investmentsbyanddistributionstoownersfortheperiod.FASBStatementofConceptsNo.56InterrelationshipofFinancialStatementsBeginningBalanceSheetAssetsLiabilitiesStockholders’EquityTransactionsandEventsContinued7TransactionsandEventsIncomeStatementRevenuesExpensesStatementofCashFlowsOperatingActivitiesInvestingActivitiesFinancingActivitiesContinuedInterrelationshipofFinancialStatements8IncomeStatementRevenuesExpensesStatementofCashFlowsOperatingActivitiesInvestingActivitiesFinancingActivitiesEndingBalanceSheetAssetsLiabilitiesStockholders’EquityInterrelationshipofFinancialStatements9BasicAccountingEquationAssets=Liabilities+Stockholders’EquityEconomicresourcesEconomicobligationsNetassets10LiquidityThetermliquidityisusedtodescribehowquicklyanassetcanbeconvertedintocashoraliabilitypaid.11FinancialFlexibilityFinancialflexibilityreferstotheabilityofacompanytouseitsfinancialresourcestoadapttochange.12OperatingCapabilityOperatingcapabilityreferstotheabilityofacompanytomaintainagivenphysicallevelofoperations.13Three-StageProcessforDisclosingInformationontheBalanceSheet1.Identificationofwhatitemsmeetthedefinitionoftheelements.2.Measurement(valuation)oftheelements.3.Reporting(classification)oftheelements.14ElementsoftheBalanceSheet—AssetsAssetsareprobablefutureeconomicbenefitsobtainedorcontrolledbyacompanyasaresultofpasttransactionsorevents.151.Theresourcemustbeabletocontributedirectlyorindirectlytothecompany’sfuturenetcashinflows.2.Thecompanymustbeabletoobtainthefuturebenefitandcontrolothers’accesstoit.3.Thetransactionoreventgivingthecompanytherighttoorcontroloverthebenefitmusthaveoccurred.ElementsoftheBalanceSheet—Assets16Assetsmaybenaturalorman-made,tangibleorintangible,andexchangeableorusefulonlyinthecompany’sactivities.ElementsoftheBalanceSheet—Assets17Liabilitiesareprobablefuturesacrificesofeconomicbenefitsarisingfrompresentobligations...LElementsoftheBalanceSheet—Liabilities…ofacompanytotransferassetsorprovideservicestootherentitiesinthefutureasaresultofpasttransactionsorevents.18ElementsoftheBalanceSheet—Stockholders’EquityAssets=Liabilities+Stockholders’EquityEquityisresidualinterestintheassetsofacompanythatremainafterdeductingliabilities.19MeasurementoftheElementsoftheBalanceSheetHistoricalCostCurrentCostCurrentMarketValueNetRealizableValuePresentValue20MeasurementoftheElementsoftheBalanceSheet(Assets)Thehistoricalcostofanassetistheexchangepriceinthetransactioninwhichtheassetwasacquired.Thecurrentcostofanassetistheamountofcash(orequivalent)thatwouldberequiredonthedateofthebalancesheettoobtainthesameasset.Thecurrentmarketvalueofanassetistheamountofcash(orequivalent)thatcouldbeobtainedonthedateofthebalancesheetbysellingtheassetinanorderlyliquidation.Thenetrealizablevalueofanassetistheamountofcash(orequivalent)intowhichtheassetisexpectedtobeconvertedintheordinaryoperationsofthecompany,lessanyexpectedconversioncosts.Thepresentvalueofanassetisthenetamountoffuturecashinflowsintowhichtheassetisexpectedtobeconvertedlessthepresentvalueoffuturecashoutflowsnecessarytoobtainthoseinflows.21MeasurementoftheElementsoftheBalanceSheet(Liabilities)Initially,theamountofcashreceivedwhenanobligationwasincurred(historicalproceeds);subsequenttoincurrence,thehistoricalamountmaybeadjustedforamortization.Thecurrentproceedsistheamountofcashthatwouldbeobtainedifthesameobligationwereincurred.Thecurrentmarketvalueofaliabilityistheamountofcashthatwouldberequiredcurrentlytoeliminatetheliability.Thenetrealizablevalueofaliabilityistheamountofcashexpectedtobepaidtoeliminatetheliabilityinduecourseofbusiness.Thepresentvalueoffuturecashoutflowstoeliminatetheliabilityinduecourseofbusiness.22LimitationsoftheBalanceSheet•Useofhistoricalcosttovalueassetsandliabilitiesdoesnothelpassessthelikelyamountsoffuturecashflows.•“Humanresources”or“intellectualcapital,”suchashigh-qualitymanagementorhighlycreativeemployeesarenotincludedasassets.•Manyoftheamountsthatacompanyreportsarebasedonestimates.•Inperiodsofinflation,theamountslisteddonotshowthe“purchasingpower”ofitsassetsandliabilities.23CurrentAssetsCurrentassetsarecashandotherassetsthatareexpectedtobeconvertedintocash,sold,orconsumedwithinoneye