lecture-12

Lecture12VerbTense&Aspect(II)TeachingContent1.Usesofpresentperfective(progressive)2.Usesofpastperfective(progressive)3.Moreusesofperfectiveaspect12.1Usesofpresentperfectivea.Twochiefuses:“unfinished”usethepresentresultofapasteventstilloperativeatthepresentmoment.anactionorstateextendsoveraperiodlastinguptothepresentmoment,possiblyextendingintothefutureaswell.“finished”useUsingthePresentPerfectTense:FORorSINCE?FORorSINCE?1.Mayahasbeenaprofessionalsinger________1989.2.Sofar,ithasrained________fivehours.3.Ihaven'tbeensnowboarding________lastwinter.4.Johnhasbeenastudenthere________March.5.ThebeaverhasbeenanemblemofCanada________manyyears.UsingthePresentPerfectTense:FORorSINCE?SINCESINCESINCEFORFOR6.CougarshavealmostdisappearedfromtheVictoriaarea________humanssettledhere.7.Maryhaskeptadiary________shewastenyearsold.8.FirstNationspeopleinBritishColumbiahavetoldstoriesabouttheeagle________hundredsofyears.9.TheCanadiantwo-dollarcoin(ortoonie)hasbeenincirculation________1996.10.They'vebeenmarried________twenty-fiveyears.UsingthePresentPerfectTense:FORorSINCE?SINCESINCESINCEFORFORUsingthePresentPerfect:PresentPerfectorSimplePast?1.Dolphins________inBCwatersformillionsofyears,andarestillcommontoday.2.I________mybinderyesterday,butmybrotherfounditthismorning.3.TheTitanic________in1912.4.We________thisTVsetsince1968,anditstillworks!A.havelivedB.livedA.havelostB.lostA.hassunkB.sunkA.haveownedB.owned5.Thiswine________inthecellarfor15years.Whenwetakeitoutandopenit,itwilltastebeautiful!A.hasbeenB.was6.He________whenhisgirlfriendlefthim,buthe'sOKnow.A.hascriedB.cried7.I________somenewshorts,butIdon'tthinkIlikethem.MaybeI'lltakethembacktothestore.A.haveboughtB.bought8.I________thesebootstogohikingyesterday.A.havewornB.woreUsingthePresentPerfect:PresentPerfectorSimplePast?PresentPerfectivevs.SimplePastA.Didyoufinished?A.WhowasherewhileIwasout?A.WhathaveIdonetomakehimsoangry?PresentPerfective说明现在,强调结果,影响SimplePast只涉及过去,与现在无关1.如果你已讲完,我想接着讲2.不知我刚才发言时你是否讲完了B.Haveyoufinished?B.Who’sbeenherewhileIwasout?3.发现有人来过,东西被动了.4.一般提问5.认真提出问题,且对方仍在生气6.过去生气现在则不一定B.WhatdidIdotomakehimsoangry?12.2UsesofPastPerfective(progressive)Also“finished”use“unfinished”useJusttimereferenceback-shiftedtoaspecifiedpastmoment.Isay…PastFutureNowI’dworkedforthreehourswhenhecalled.Hecalled.11:0010:0009:0008:0007:00IworkedIworkedIworkedComparePastFutureNow09:0008:0007:00IworkedIwork/I’mworkingIworked----Whyshouldyouhavearest?----I’veworkedforthreehours(I’vebeenworkingforthreehours!)AndIsay…----CouldIhavearest,boss?Somespecialuses:1.Imaginaryuseofpastperfectivea.Inclausesintroducedbyif,ifonly,asifb.Inthat-clausesfollowingIwish,I’dratherc.Withverbsasexpect,think,intend,meanintend,want,supposeexpresshypotheticalmeaningsaconditionnotlikelytobefulfilledorastatecontrarytothepastfactapastwishorintentionwhichwasnotrealizedIwishIhadsaidthatIcouldn’tcome.IfeltasifIhadknownherallmylife.Ihadintendedtomake,butIranoutoftime.12.3Moreusesofperfectiveaspect1)PerfectiveAspectandsince-clause2)Perfectiveaspectvs.havegot/havegotto3)Perfectiveaspectin“itisthefirsttime+that-clause”1)PerfectiveAspectandsince-clause1.SincetheyhavelivedinLondon,theyhavebeenincreasinglyhappy.2.SincetheywenttoliveinLondon,theyhavebeenincreasinglyhappy.3.SincetheylivedinLondon,theyhavebeenincreasinglyhappy.PastFutureNowStartedlivinginLondonlivinginLondonABTimeofspeakingThetimespana.ThespanofsincePrecheckSince-clausecanexpress:1.贯穿整个时间跨度的延续性活动2.从一个具体动作开始的一段时间。