Lecture-30

ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBOOK新编英语语法教程章振邦编周庆锦讲Lecture30CoordinationAcoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators.两个互或两个以上意义相关，层次相同，句法功能相同，并用并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”。并列结构分为不同层次：1.词和词：buyorsellgoodbutexpensive(两个相同名词放在一个平行结构里，名词一般用单数，并且不用冠词：facetoface,sidebyside,handinhand,arminarm,toetotoe,fromshoptoshopIthinkweseeeyetoeyeonthatsubject.对那件事用一致看法)2.词组和词组：walkingdownthestreetorrunningthroughthealleywithstrengthbutwithoutconfidence3.分句和分句：1)Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetimeandsomeofthepeopleallofthetime,butyoucan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.---AbrahamLincoln2)Maryisanurse,herbrotherisateacher,andherparentsarebothfamouswriters.由两个或两个以上并列分句构成的句子叫并列句（compoundsentence)标点符号由两个以上项目构成的并列结构1.通常只在最后一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间仅用逗号连接：Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.__WinstonS.Churchill2.全用连词，在修辞上给人以悠闲缓慢，延续持久的感觉或表示不厌其详尽数列举：1)Lawsuitconsumestime,andmoney,andrest,andfriends.打官司既费时又费钱，既得不到休息又得罪朋友。2)Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweedingandthinningandhoeingandwatering.标点符号3)Thewindroared,andthelightningflashed,andtheskywassuddenlyasdarkasnight.(强调一连串戏剧性事件的发生）有时是为了排除歧义：4)Onlymycousin,thehousekeeper,andMrs.Baldwinwereinthehouseatthetimeofburglary.1.在家被盗窃时，只有…在家。2.…只有我那位当女管家的表妹和鲍德温太太在家。改成下句就不会有歧义：5)OnlymycousinandthehousekeeperandMrs.Baldwinwereinthehouseatthetimeofburglary.3.全用逗号，在修辞色彩上给人以紧张，急促，明快，利落的感觉：Individualsarelesstroubledbyfeelingsofguiltwhentheyshareresponsibilityforkillingswithagroup---astreetgang,lynchmob(对黑人施私刑的暴民）,terroristorganization.4.有时在一个句子中两个并列结构，一全用逗号，另一全用连词，以达到上述两种修辞效果：Inthecountrytherearenohonkinghorns,nodieseltrucks,nopollution---justthesoundsofwindrustlingthetreeleavesandredsquirrelschatteringinthedistantoaksandcoolcreekwaterrushingdownitsendlesscourse.标点符号5.用分号连接，表示对比：1)Somehavedied,althoughtheyarestillalive;someliveforever,thoughtheyhavepassedaway.有的人活着，但却已经死了；…2)Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.---F.Bacon读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。3)Smileissunshine,whichwarmspeople;friendshipisspringbreeze,accompaniedbycomfort;loveisflame,whichforgeseternity.微笑是阳光,它给人以温暖;友谊是春风,它伴随着怃慰；爱情是火焰，它煅造永恒．4)Happinessdoesnotdropfromtheskies;itistobecreatedbyourhands.5)Kindheartsarethegardens;Kindthoughtsaretheroots;Kindwordsaretheflowers;Kinddeedsarethefruits.6)Masteryofworkcomesfromdiligentapplication,butitcanberetardedbyfrivolities;adeedisaccomplishedthroughthought,butitcanberuinedbycarelessness.业精于勤，荒于嬉；成于思，毁于随。——韩愈在某些连接状语（conjunct)如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分号，因为这些词项是副词，而不是连词：7)Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.标点符号6.用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的解释和发挥：Ahousewithanagingfurnacecostsmorethantheaskingpricesuggests:tendollarsmoreamonthinfuelmeansabouteightydollarsmoreayear.一栋房子如果取暖炉超龄，其实际花费便高于要价，因为每月多花十元钱燃料，就意味着一年多花80元。并列结构可在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，从而使这个项目处于更加突出的地位：TheconferenceonnuclearenergywasattendedbystudentsfromStanfordand,predictably,teachersfromBerkeley.如果一个并列结构由四个或四个以上的项目构成，常用成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑：Onlyafewcitiesareknownas“goodbaseballtowns”---Cincinnati,Detroit,Chicago,Boston,LosAngels,andNewYork.…CincinnatiandDetroit,ChicagoandBoston,LosAngelsandNewYork.Correcterrorsinthefollowingsentences:(P.514)1.Mysummer’sworkprovednotonlyinterestingbutalsoIlearnedmuchfromit.（instructive)2.AcollegeeducationwasbothnecessaryandIcouldaffordit.(inexpensive)3.BothMarywilldoitandherhusbandwilldoittoo.4.Youcaneitherwriteathesisorashortessayonthesubject.5.Herlecturesarewitty,interesting,andsheoutlinesthemcarefully.6.Macyisamiddle-agedwoman,short,stocky,blue-eyes,andpartlywithgray-hairs.7.Shetoldustoreadthetextcarefully,andthatweshouldwriteashortreviewofit.8.Eitherheisaabsolutepiker(胆小鬼）orafool.Correcterrorsinthefollowingsentences9.Henotonlylikesthegirl,butthefamilytoo.10.Hecanneithersingnorhecancompose.11.Thestudentsarenotonlyorganizingsocialactivities,butalsoareinterestedinpoliticalquestions.12.BothPaulineandherhusbanddidnotwanttoattendthemeeting.13.Donnawassatisfiednotwithherownachievementorwiththeteam’sperformance.14.Theboydoesnotsmoke,notdrinkalcoholandnotidleawayhistime.15.Gasisasubstancewithoutadefinitevolumenorwithadefiniteshape.Correcterrorsinthefollowingsentences16.Weweretoldtowriteinink,thatweshouldusebutonesideofthepaper,andweshouldendorseourpapersinthepropermanner.17.Givehimaninch,orhe’lltakeamile.18.YoushouldhavetriedorfinishedthepaperbySaturday.19.Mr.Jonesisprincipaloftheschool,moreoverheisanexpertintranslation.20.Assoonashearrivedintown,hewentseeingthedoctorimmediately.21.Justtakealookatthatfellow,soyou’llgetsick.并列结构中常见的错误：1.CommaFaults:Commafaultsresultfromusingonlyacommatoconnecttwomainclauses.(inplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradash.)Toavoidcommafaults,youcaneitherinsertaproperpunctuation(asemicolon,acolon…)orjointhesentenceswithaconjunction.Faulty: