lecture-34

Lecture34ConditionalSentencesKeyPoints–TypeI~TypeIVConditionals–MixedConditionals–Replacingif–Omittingif–ifvs.when;incasevs.if34.1IntroductionConditionalsentencesconsistof2partsonethatexpressesthecondition–Introducedbytheword“if”,commonlyknownas“ifclause”.onethatexpressestheconsequence.Example:Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.Therearefourmaintypesofconditionalpatterns.TypeI:wherever-typerealconditionalTypeII:probablerealconditionalTypeIII:improbableunrealconditionalTypeIV:imaginaryunrealconditional34.2TypeI:wherever-typerealconditionalUse:todenoteuniversaltruthsorgeneralvaliditytodenotepresenthabitualactionstodenotepasthabitualactionsIf=when/whenever/everytimeIfclausemainclauseSimplepresentSimplepastSimplepresentSimplepastIfyoupouroilonwater,itfloats.IfImakeapromise,Iftheweatherwasnice,Ikeepit.sheoftenwalkedtowork.34.3TypeII:ProbableRealConditionalUsedfortalkingaboutpossibilitiesinthepresentorinthefuture.IfclausemainclauseSimplePresentwill-futureimperativemodal+infinitiveIfIstudy,Iwillpasstheexams.IfyouseeJohntonight,IfBengetsupearlytellhimtoe-mailme.hecancatchthebus.Exercise1Makeupasentenceusingthefollowingphrases.Examplelazy,failinexamIfyou’relazy,you’llbefailedintheexam.1.donotrain,goforapicnicAnswer2.goonfoot,lateAnswer3.donothavebreakfast,hungryAnswer34.4TypeIII:ImprobableUnrealConditionalUsedfortalkingaboutunrealsituationsinthepresentorinthefuture.IfclausemainclauseSimplePastwouldinfinitivecouldinfinitivemightinfinitiveIfIhadadayofffromworknextweek,Iwouldgotothebeach.Icouldgotothebeach.Imightgotothebeach.34.5TypeIV:ImaginaryUnrealConditionalUsedfortalkingaboutunrealsituationsinthepastIfclausemainclause(If)haded-participlewouldhaveed-participle.couldhaveed-participle.mighthaveed-participle.IfIhadstudied,Iwouldhavepassedtheexams.Icouldhavepassedtheexams.Imighthavepassedtheexams.Exercise2Trytodistinguishthefollowingsentences.1.Ifyoutakeataxi,youcangetthereintimefortheplay.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV2.IfIhadknownyourarrival,Ishouldhavemetyou.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV3.Iftheweatherisnice,shewalkstowork.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV4.IfIdroppedthisbomb,itwouldexplode.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV√√√√Exercise2Trytodistinguishthefollowingsentences5.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotlistentohim.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV6.Ifyouhadrecognizedhim,youwouldhavespokentohim.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV7.IfIwenttoafriend'shousefordinner,Iusuallytookabottleofwineorsomeflowers.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV8.Setyouralarmclock,andyouwillnotoversleep.TypeITypeIITypeIIITypeIV√√√√34.6MixedConditionals1SometimesUnrealConditionalsentencesaremixed.Thismeansthatthetimeintheif-clauseisnotthesameasthetimeintheresult.PASTPRESENTIfIhadwonthelottery,Iwouldberich.PASTFutureIfshehadsignedupfortheskitriplastweek,shewouldjoinustomorrow.PRESENTPASTIfSamspokeRussian,hewouldhavetranslatedtheletterforyou.34.6MixedConditionals2Sometimesthevalidityoftheif-clauseisnotthesameasthevalidityoftheresult.UnrealRealImighthaveseenhim,buthedidn’tcometotheparty.RealUnrealHeisn’therenow,orhewouldagreewithme.Hedidn’tcometotheparty,otherwiseImighthaveseenhim.butorotherwiseExercise31Ifyou_____thatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn’tbesosleepy.A.haven’twatchedB.didn’twatchC.hadn’twatchedD.wouldn’thavewatched2.Hewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehe___tothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.hadcome3.Mary____myletter,orshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.A.hasreceivedB.oughttohavereceivedC.couldn’thavereceivedD.shouldn’thavereceived4.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI______fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.A.wereB.hadbeenC.havebeenD.was○○○○34.7ReplacingifIfcanbereplacedbywordsorexpressionswithasimilarmeaning.–Heissuretocomeunlesshehassomeurgentbusiness.–Incase(that)hecomes,letmeknow.–Ishallgiveyoumydictionaryonconditionthatyoureturnittomorrow.–Iwillgo,providing/provided(that)myexpensesarepaid.(granted/grantingthat)–Suppose/Supposing(that)hedoesnotcome,whatshallwedo?(assume/assumingthat)–IwillcooperateaslongasIamnotifiedontime.Exercise4TranslationWhatisquestionediswhetheracountrylikeBritainhasachance,assumingithasthewill,tosucceedwheresomanyhavefailed,andevenassumingthatithas,shouldmakethetremendouseffortandtakesubstantialfinancialriskoftryingtoleap-frogintoleadershipinentirelynewtechnology,orwhetheritshouldtakethesofteroptionofmerelycatchingupwiththerestoftheindustrializedworld.现在提出的问题是，像英国这样的国家，假如愿意的话，是否有可能在很多国家已经失败的方面获得成功。假如有这种可能，英国是否应尽最大的努力，冒重大财政风险，一步进入全新技术的前列，或者应该采取比较稳妥的选择，只是赶上其他工业国的步伐。34.8OmittingifIfcanbeomittedwiththeif-clausepartiallyinvertedHadthedoctorbeenavailable,thechildwouldhavebeensaved.Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.WereItogotothemoonsomeday,Icouldseethesurfaceofthemoonwithmyowneyes.34.9ifvswhenBothifandwhenareusedinTypeIConditional.Usingifsuggeststhatsomethinghappenslessfrequently.Usingwhensuggeststhatsomethinghappensregularly.IfIhaveadayofffromwork,Iusuallygotothebeach.Irarelyhavedaysofffromwork.WhenIhaveadayofffromwork,Iusuallygotothebeach.Iregularlyhavedaysofffromwork.Iwouldbuythatcomputerwhenitwerecheaper.NotCorrectIwould