地表水常规净化流程单元工艺处理效能实验研究

硕士学位论文地表水常规净化流程单元工艺处理效能实验研究EXPERIMENTALSTUDYOFUNITPROCESSPERFORMANCEINCONVENTIONALWATERPURIFICATIONPROCESS陈晓惠哈尔滨工业大学2011年6月国内图书分类号：TU991.33学校代码：10213国际图书分类号：628.11密级：公开硕士学位论文地表水常规净化流程单元工艺处理效能实验研究硕士研究生：陈晓惠导师：吴晨光副教授副导师刘胜利教授级高工申请学位：工程硕士学科：环境工程所在单位：市政环境工程学院答辩日期：2011年6月授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学ClassifiedIndex:TU991.33U.D.C:628.11DissertationfortheMasterDegreeinEngineeringEXPERIMENTALSTUDYOFUNITPROCESSPERFORMANCEINCONVENTIONALWATERPURIFICATIONPROCESSCandidate：ChenXiaohuiSupervisor：Assoc.Prof.WuChenguangAssistantSupervisor:Prof.seniorengineerLiuShengliAcademicDegreeAppliedfor:MasterofEngineeringSpeciality：EnvironmentalEngineeringAffiliation：SchoolofMunicipalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDateofDefence：June,2011Degree-Conferring-Institution：HarbinInstituteofTechnology哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位论文-I-摘要生物稳定性是饮用水安全性的重要方面。生物不稳定的饮用水会促进管道腐蚀，引起管网中细菌的再生长，从而严重破坏水质。因此关于常规给水处理工艺中代表性指标的变化规律研究具有重要的现实意义。可同化有机碳(AssmilableOrganicCarbon)和生物可降解溶解性有机碳(BiodegrdabaleDissolvedOrgaicCarbon)被广泛作为饮用水生物稳定性的评价指标，只有控制出厂水中AOC与BDOC的含量，才能确保饮用水的生物稳定性，有效防止管网中饮用水的二次污染。本论文系统研究了水厂常规净水工艺对常规水质指标、生物稳定性指标及细菌学指标的去除效能，深入探讨了它们在时间和空间上的变化规律、各净化单元对有机物的去除特性。主要研究内容和研究结果如下：深入研究了磨盘山水库原水的各项常规水质指标、生物稳定性指标和细菌学指标。结果表明：原水各常规指标年平均值均为Ⅰ类(依据《地表水环境质量标准》GB3838-2002)，适用于源头水。有机物总量低，可生物降解性好。异养菌计数较低。冬季原水多为大分子有机物，夏季原水多为小分子有机物。对于常规水质指标，pH和电导率在整个净化流程的变化不大；浊度、TOC和UV254随流程均逐渐减小，但容易被原水本底值和温度干扰。混凝沉淀和加氯消毒的去除效果稳定，过滤环节受温度影响去除效果不稳定。出厂水均能达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)。常规净水处理工艺后生物稳定性指标的高低取决于原水，对于AOC和BDOC变化的适应力不好，应对冲击负荷的能力较差，要确保出厂水的生物稳定性就必须控制原水中有机物的浓度。出厂水AOC值超过100μg乙酸碳/L，BDOC值在0.67-1.56mg/L之间，高于生物稳定性饮用水的建议限值，属生物不稳定性饮用水。滤池反冲洗对DOC、BDOC和AOC这一类生物稳定性指标有显著的影响。水厂常规净水工艺处理后出水的微生物指标符合要求。采用CTAB-蛋白酶K法可以提出各净化单元水样中的DNA，但样品中DNA含量不高。在合适的PCR反应体系和反应程序中，利用V3区特异性引物对357GC和R518、V6-V8区特异性引物对EUBf933和EUBr1387进行PCR扩增，亮度和纯度都较好，未出现非特异性扩增。V3区片段大小约为250bp，V6-V8区片段大小约为500bp。关键词：生物稳定性；常规水质指标；细菌学指标；地表水常规净化流程哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位论文-II-AbstractBiologicalstabilityisanimportantaspectofdrinkingwatersafety.Biologicalinstabilityofdrinkingwaterwillpromotecorrosioninpipes,causingthebacteriaregrowthinnetworksandthusseriouslydamagewaterquality.Therefore,studytherepresentationofindexchangesinconventionalwatertreatmentprocessesshasimportantpracticalsignificance.Assimilableorganiccarbonandbiodegradabledissolvedorganiccarbonarewidelyusedasdrinkingwaterbiologicalstabilityindexsinevaluation,onlycontrolthefactoryAOCandBDOCcontentofwatercanensurebiologicalstabilityofdrinkingwater,alsoeffectivelypreventthesecondarypollutioninwaterdistributionsysytem.Thispaperstudiestheremovalperformanceofconventionalroutinewaterqualityindexes,biologicalstabilityindexesandbacterialindicatorsinwaterpurificationprocess,alsotheirtimeandspacevariationinthepurificationandtheremovalcharacteristicsoforganicmatterforeachpurificationunit.Themaincontentsandresultsareasfollows:Depthstudyoftheconventionalwaterqualityindexes,biologicalstabilityindexesandbacterialindicatorsoftherawwaterinMopanshanreservoir,theresultsshowsthat:theyearavergeconventionalindicatorsinrawwaterareclassⅠ(basedonEnvironmentalQualityStandardsforsurfacewater,GB3838-2002).Thesourcewaterislowtotalorganic,wellbiodegradableandHPCcountislow.Rawwateraremostlyorganicmoleculesinwinterandinsummeraresmallorganicmolecules.Forroutinewaterquality,pHandconductivitychangesthroughoutthepurificationprocessisnotobvious;turbidity,UV254andTOCaregraduallyreducedwiththeprocess,buteasilyinterferedbythevalueoftherawwaterandthetemperature.Coagulationandchlorinationhavestableremovalefficiency,whiletheremovaloffiltrationispartaffectedbytemperatureinstability.TreatedwatercanreachtheStandardsfordrinkingwaterquality(GB5749-2006).Thelevelofbiologicalstabilityindexafterconventionalwatertreatmentprocessdependsonrawwater.TheadaptationtoAOCandBDOCchangesisnotgood,whileislessabletocopewithshockloading.Toensurethebiologicalstabilityofthefinishedwater,itisnecessarytocontroltheorganicmatterinrawwater.AOCintreatedwaterexceeds100μgacidcarbon/LwhileBDOCis0.67-1.56mg/L,thevalueishigherthantherecommendedlimitsinbiologicalinstabilityofdrinkingwater.FilterbackwashhasasignificantimpactonDOC,BDOCandAOC,suchtypeofbiologicalstabilityindicators.Conventionalwaterpurificationprocesscanmeettheequirementsofmicrobialindicators.MethodCTAB-proteinaseKisusedsuccessfullytoraisetheDNAfromthewaterpurificationunit,butDNAcontentofsamplesisnothigh.Usespecificprimerson哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位论文-III-theV3region(357GCandR518),V6-V8region(EUBf933andEUBr1387)inappropriatesystemsandresponseproceduresforPCRamplification,thebrightnessandpurityaregood,doesnotappearnon-specificexpansionincrease.V3fragmentsizeisapproximate250bp,V6-V8fragmentsizeisabout500bp.Keywords:biologicalstability,conventionalwaterqualityindicators,bacteriologicalindicators,conventionalpurificationprocessofsurfacewater哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位论文-IV-目录摘要............................................................................................................................IAbstract.......................................................................................................................II第1章绪论................................................................