甲醇的生产工艺流程设计

酒泉职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）08级石油化工生产技术专业题目：甲醇的生产工艺流程设计毕业时间：2011年7月学生姓名：连变红指导教师：张禄梅班级：08石化（3）班2011年3月20日酒泉职业技术学院2011届各专业毕业论文（设计）成绩评定表姓名连变红班级08石化（3）班专业石油化工生产技术指导教师第一次指导意见年月日指导教师第二次指导意见年月日指导教师第三次指导意见年月日指导教师评语及评分成绩：签字（盖章）年月日答辩小组评价意见及评分成绩：签字（盖章）年月日教学系毕业实践环节指导小组意见签字（盖章）年月日学院毕业实践环节指导委员会审核意见签字（盖章）年月日说明：1、以上各栏必须按要求逐项填写.。2、此表附于毕业论文(设计)封面之摘要在有机合成工业中，甲醇是仅次于乙烯、丙烯和芳烃的重要基础原料，是极为重要的有机化工原料，在化工、医药、轻工、纺织及运输等行业都有广泛的应用，目前，甲醇的主要应用领域是生产甲醛，其用量约占总量的一半以上。随着科学技术的进一步发展，以甲醇为为原料生产有机化工产品的新应用领域有了很大的突破，甲醇合成蛋白质的产品已经进入市场，以甲醇为原料生产烯烃和汽油已实现工业化，随着我国国民经济的高速发展，对甲醇的需求量也在不断增加。据预测，2005年我国的甲醇消费量将超过600万吨，将创下历史新高，其衍生物产品发展前景广阔。关键词：甲醇，技术，发展目录第一章甲醇的生产技术概述……………………………………………………………………..3一、合成原料气选择优缺点··········································································4二、催化剂选择优缺点················································································4三、合成方法的比较···················································································4（一）高压法(19.6～29.4MPa)·······································································5（二）低压法(5.0～8.0MPa)··········································································6（三）中压法(9.8～13.0MPa)········································································6四、甲醇的现状························································································8第二章甲醇合成工艺及技术分析………………………………………………………………11一、原料气方面·························································································11二、合成工艺方面······················································································11三、生产装置方面······················································································12四、能量利用方面······················································································12第三章甲醇精馏系统工艺流程…………………………………………………………………13一、生产原理····························································································13二、工艺流程····························································································13三、运行情况····························································································14四、精馏操作要点和经验············································································15（一）物料平衡·························································································15（二）热量平衡·························································································16（三）回流量的调节··················································································16（四）温度控制·························································································16（五）流量控制·························································································17（六）液位控制·························································································18（七）压力控制·························································································18第四章甲醇行业存在的问题…………………………………………………………………19一、甲醇下游需求量的快速增长能否消化新增产能···········································19二、甲醇制烯烃技术工业化的进程································································19三、中国目前甲醇现象是否过热···································································19四、甲醇作为替代能源自身竞争力的状况·······················································20五、健康危害····························································································21六、泄漏应急处理······················································································21第五章甲醇产业的发展方向……………………………………………………………………22一、甲醛··································································································22二、甲酸甲酯····························································································22三、碳酸二甲酯·························································································22四、甲基叔丁基醚······················································································23五、大力开发甲醇能源技术·········································································23致谢…………………………………………………………………………………………..29参考文献……………………………………………………..…………………………………31前言甲醇(Methanol,Methylalcohol)又名木醇、木酒精,是一种最简单的饱和醇，见图1。甲醇用途广泛,是基础的有机化工原料和优质燃料,主要应用于精细化工、塑料等领域,用来制造甲醛、合成橡胶、甲胺、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、氯甲烷、醋酸、甲基叔丁基醚等多种有机产品,也是农药、医药的重要原料之一,而且还可以加入汽油掺烧或代替汽油作为动力燃料以及用来合成甲醇蛋白。随着当今世界石油资源的日益减少和甲醇生产成本的降低,用甲醇作为新的石化原料来源已经成为一种趋势。尽管目前全球甲醇生产能力相对过剩,并且不排除由于某种原因而引起甲醇市场的波动,但是对于有着丰富的煤、石油、天然气资源的地区,除了研究开发新技术降低成本,还要不断开拓甲醇的应用领域,大力生产和发展甲醇下游产品,从而促进整甲醇工业的发展。图1甲醇的锯型投影式第一章甲醇的生产技术概述近十年来，随着甲醇工业的迅速发展，以碳的氧化物与氢合成甲醇的方法，在原料路线，工艺技术，能源利用和生产规模等方面取得了许多新的成就。在甲醇生产过程中同样具有较多的有毒物质和易燃易爆物质，而且生产流程复杂，运转设备和高温、高压设备比较多。因此，在合成氨厂的工作人员，必须通晓与生产过程有关的安全技术知识，并且在工作中能自觉和认真地贯彻安全技术要点，从而保证人身安全和设备安全。一、合成原料气选择优缺点生产甲醇的原料大致有煤、石油、天然气和含H2、CO(或CO2)的工业废气等。早期以煤为主要原料生产水煤气合成甲醇。从20世纪50年代开始,天然气逐步成为制造甲醇的主要原料。目前全球甲醇总产量中约有70%左右是以天然气为原料合成的。其实,利用工业废气(如乙炔尾气或乙烯裂解废气)生产甲醇更为经济,但能量受到限制。以不同的原料制取甲醇的经济效果是不同的。可见,以煤为原料生产甲醇的装置投资要高于天然气、乙炔尾气和焦炉气。但随着石油和天然气供给紧张、价格上涨,如果选用廉价的粉煤为原料生产甲醇,会使生产成本大大降低。合成甲醇原料气的生产工艺技术选择应根据当地的原料资源状况来确定,淮化地处淮南,本地煤资源相对比较丰富,所以加大对淮南煤的技术研究,尽可能利用本地煤炭资源,就可以最大限度地减少投资,较好地利用资源。在原料气生产方面合成甲醇原料气的生产工艺技术选择应根据当地的原料资源状况来确定，甲醇生产的原料主要是煤焦油、天然气。在石油和天然气供给紧张、价格上涨的情况下，以煤为原料制取甲醇合成原料气是甲醇生产的最好选择。我国煤炭资源丰