肉牛生产的经济学(1)

EconomicsofBeefProduction肉牛生产的经济学TedDarling泰德达林AlbertaAgriculture,Food&RuralDevelopmentAirdrie,Alberta,Canada加拿大阿尔伯特省阿尔伯特农业食品和农村发展CIDA–ChinaBeefProject,January20032’sAgenda今天的课程IntroductionandBackground介绍和背景EconomicsConcepts,TheoriesandTools经济学概念、理论和工具FeedlotEconomics育肥场经济学Cow–calfeconomics母牛—犊牛经济学Wrapup,discussionandconclusions总结、讨论和结论14什么是经济学？Economicsisabout“makingmoney”经济学是“制造钱”Economicsisaboutearningareturnoninvestment经济学是使投资有回报Economicsismanagingscarceresourcesinordertoearnaprofit经济学是管理有限的资源使之获得利润Economicsisdifferentthanfinance经济学不同于财务15什么是经济学？Economicsrequiresmeasurementandmanagement经济学需要测量和管理“Whatgetsmeasuredgetsmanaged.”“什么是测量，什么是管理。”16零售/批发市场Inputs投入Inputs投入Inputs投入Inputs投入OutputOutputOutputMeasure&manage测量和管理Measure&manage测量和管理Measure&manage测量和管理Consumer消费者18(ValueofProduction)收入（生产价值）-VariableCosts**可变成本**=ContributionMargin**边际收益**-FixedCosts(CapitalCosts)固定成本（基本投资）=Profit(ReturntoEquity)利润（归还自有资本）Back21财务和生产记录FinancialRecords财务记录Revenues(sales)收入（出售）Variablecosts可变成本Fixedcosts固定成本ProductionRecords生产记录Births,deaths,weights出生、死亡、重量Necessaryforallbusinesses,bigandsmall所用经营需要的，大和小23固定和可变成本、边际收益Understandingtheseconceptsisthekeytoincreasingprofitability学会这些概念是增加盈利能力的关键Maximizecontributionmarginbyincreasingrevenueanddecreasingvariablecosts通过增加收入和降低可变成本获得最大的边际收益Maximizeprofitsbyspreadingfixedcostsovermoreunitsofproduction通过将固定成本分散在更多的生产单位中获得最大的利润24(exampleonly)部分预算（例子）PartialBudgetIncreasecalving%byincreasedcownutrition(calvingratefrom50%to70%)AddedCosts(percow)AddedRevenues(percow)30%morefeed40%increaseincalfproductioniffeedcostpercowiscurrently¥600,ifcurrentcalvesperyearis0.5,30%morefeedcosts600X30%=￥180andtheresultofbetternutrtionwouldbe0.7calvesperyear,theadditional0.2calvesperyear=0.2X225kgx¥6.60=￥297ReducedRevenuesReducedCostsnonenoneTotalDisadvantages￥180TotalAdvantages￥297NetBenefit￥117percow36(continued)其它经济学概念和工具（继续）Commoditiesversusdiversifiedproducts商品对多样产品Commodityproduction-minimizethe“perunit”costofproduction商品生产-生产的最小的“单位成本”Differentiatedproducts-maximizeyourproduct’svalueasperceivedbyyourcustomer.不同产品-你的顾客理解的最大产品值Enterpriseanalysis企业分析Calculatecontributionmargin(revenue–variablecosts)foreachenterpriseorprofitcentre为每个企业或利润中心计算边际收益（收入-可变成本）BeefFeedlotEconomics肉牛育肥场经济学38术语和定义Standardformatforanalysis,plusotherterms:分析的标准格式，加其它术语：Costperkgofgain–costof1kgofweightgain.Includesallcosts,fixedandvariable每公斤增重成本-增重1公斤。包括所有费用、固定和可变Yardage–totalcostsminusfeedcosts畜栏使用费—总费用减去饲料费Breakeven–saleorpurchasepricewhereprofitiszero收支平衡-出售和购买价格利润是零Turnover–howmanycompleteturnsthefeedlotachieveseachyear.Alsototalcattlesales/averageinventoryvalue周转-每年育肥场完全的运转是多少。全部出售的牛/平均存货价值。39(ValueofProduction)收入（生产价值）-VariableCosts**可变成本**=ContributionMargin**边际收益**-FixedCosts(CapitalCosts)固定成本（基本投资）=Profit(ReturntoEquity)利润(归还自有资本）40@227kgtogain.45kgsperdayKg/hd/dayPercent$/hd/dayAsFedofRationCornStalks3.6358.80.09CornGrain1.3622.10.23SoybeanMeal1.1318.40.34Limestone0.050.70.01Total6.170.67**Approximately￥3.60Yuan/hd/dayRationforBulls@454kgtogain.45kgsperdayKg/hd/dayPercent$/hd/dayAsFedofRationCornStalks5.4454.10.14CornGrain2.72270.46SoybeanMeal1.81180.54Limestone0.090.90.01Total10.061.15**Approximately￥6.19Yuan/hd/dayAveragecostofthesetworations￥4.90perhd/dayfor504daysTotalrationcost￥2,470perheadFeedCost/kggain￥10.88Low-gainRation低增重日料(Samecattleat454kg)41@227kgtogain.91kgsperdayKg/hd/dayPercent$/hd/dayAsFedofRationCornStalks2.95430.07CornGrain2.4936.40.42SoybeanMeal1.3619.90.41Limestone0.050.70.01Total6.850.91**Approximately￥4.90Yuan/hd/dayRationforBulls@454kgtogain.91kgsperdayKg/hd/dayPercent$/hd/dayAsFedofRationCornStalks3.1830.20.08CornGrain4.9947.40.85SoybeanMeal2.2721.60.68Limestone0.090.90.01Total10.531.62**Approximately￥8.72Yuan/hd/dayAveragecostofthesetworations￥6.81perhd/dayfor249daysTotalrationcost￥1,698perheadFeedCost/kggain￥7.48High-gainRation高增重日料(Samecattleat454kg)42