耶鲁大学公开课博弈论原版资料

Syllabusby(course_default)—lastmodified10-14-200804:00PMDocumentActionsThiscourseisanintroductiontogametheoryandstrategicthinking.Ideassuchasdominance,backwardinduction,Nashequilibrium,evolutionarystability,commitment,credibility,asymmetricinformation,adverseselection,andsignalingarediscussedandappliedtogamesplayedinclassandtoexamplesdrawnfromeconomics,politics,themovies,andelsewhere.ECON159:GameTheory(Fall,2007)SyllabusProfessor:BenPolak,ProfessorofEconomicsandManagement,YaleUniversityDescription:Thiscourseisanintroductiontogametheoryandstrategicthinking.Ideassuchasdominance,backwardinduction,Nashequilibrium,evolutionarystability,commitment,credibility,asymmetricinformation,adverseselection,andsignalingarediscussedandappliedtogamesplayedinclassandtoexamplesdrawnfromeconomics,politics,themovies,andelsewhere.Texts:A.DixitandB.Nalebuff.ThinkingStrategically,Norton1991J.Watson.Strategy:AnIntroductiontoGameTheory,Norton2002P.K.Dutta.StrategiesandGames:TheoryAndPractice,MIT1999Requirements:Whoshouldtakethiscourse?Thiscourseisanintroductiontogametheory.Introductorymicroeconomics(115orequivalent)isrequired.Intermediatemicro(150/2)isnotrequired,butitisrecommended.Wewillusecalculus(mostlyonevariable)inthiscourse.Wewillalsorefertoideaslikeprobabilityandexpectation.Somemayprefertotakethecoursenextacademicyearoncetheyhavemorebackground.StudentswhohavealreadytakenEcon156bshouldnotenrollinthisclass.CourseAimsandMethods.Gametheoryisawayofthinkingaboutstrategicsituations.Oneaimofthecourseistoteachyousomestrategicconsiderationstotakeintoaccountmakingyourchoices.Asecondaimistopredicthowotherpeopleororganizationsbehavewhentheyareinstrategicsettings.Wewillseethattheseaimsarecloselyrelated.Wewilllearnnewconcepts,methodsandterminology.Athirdaimistoapplythesetoolstosettingsfromeconomicsandfromelsewhere.Thecoursewillemphasizeexamples.Wewillalsoplayseveralgamesinclass.OutlineandReading.MostofthereadingforthiscoursecomesfromthefirsttenchaptersofDuttaorfromthefirsttwopartsofWatson.Therewillbeareadingpacketforweeks6-7.Thereadingsarenotcompulsory,buttheywillhelpbackuptheclassmaterial.Grading:Problemsets:30%Midtermexamination:30%Finalexamination:40%Transcript1-Introduction:fivefirstlessonsbymvd4—lastmodified09-15-201109:34AMDocumentActionsWeintroduceGameTheorybyplayingagame.Weorganizethegameintoplayers,theirstrategies,andtheirgoalsorpayoffs;andwelearnthatweshoulddecidewhatourgoalsarebeforewemakechoices.Withsomeplausiblepayoffs,ourgameisaprisoners'dilemma.Welearnthatweshouldneverchooseadominatedstrategy;butthatrationalplaybyrationalplayerscanleadtobadoutcomes.Wediscusssomeprisoners'dilemmasintherealworldandsomepossiblereal-worldremedies.Withotherplausiblepayoffs,ourgameisacoordinationproblemandhasverydifferentoutcomes:sodifferentpayoffsmatter.Weoftenneedtothink,notonlyaboutourownpayoffs,butalsoothers'payoffs.Weshouldputourselvesinothers'shoesandtrytopredictwhattheywilldo.Thisistheessenceofstrategicthinking.GameTheory:Lecture1TranscriptSeptember5,2007backChapter1.WhatIsStrategy?[00:00:00]ProfessorBenPolak:SothisisGameTheoryEconomics159.Ifyou'rehereforarthistory,you'reeitherinthewrongroomorstayanyway,maybethisistherightroom;butthisisGameTheory,okay.Youshouldhavefourhandouts;everyoneshouldhavefourhandouts.Thereisalegalreleaseform--we'lltalkaboutitinaminute--aboutthevideoing.Thereisasyllabus,whichisapreliminarysyllabus:it'salsoonline.AndtherearetwogameslabeledGame1andGame2.CanIgetyoualltolookatGame1andstartthinkingaboutit.Andwhileyou'rethinkingaboutit,Iamhopingyoucanmultitaskabit.I'lldescribeabitabouttheclassandwe'llgetabitofadminunderourbelts.Butpleasetryandlookat--somebody'snotlookingatit,becausethey'reusingitasafanhere--solookatGame1andfilloutthatformforme,okay?Sowhileyou'refillingthatout,letmetellyoualittlebitaboutwhatwe'regoingtobedoinghere.SowhatisGameTheory?GameTheoryisamethodofstudyingstrategicsituations.Sowhat'sastrategicsituation?Welllet'sstartoffwithwhat'snotastrategicsituation.InyourEconomics-inyourIntroEconomicsclassin115or110,yousawsomeprettygoodexamplesofsituationsthatwerenotstrategic.Yousawfirmsworkinginperfectcompetition.Firmsinperfectcompetitionarepricetakers:theydon'tparticularlyhavetoworryabouttheactionsoftheircompetitors.Youalsosawfirmsthatweremonopolistsandmonopolistsdon'thaveanycompetitorstoworryabout,sothat'snotaparticularlystrategicsituation.They'renotpricetakersbuttheytakethedemandcurve.Isthislookingfamiliarforsomeofyouwhocanrememberdoing115lastyearormaybetwoyearsagoforsomeofyou?Everythinginbetweenisstrategic.Soeverythingthatconstitutesimperfectcompetitionisastrategicsetting.Thinkaboutthemotorindustry,themotorcarindustry.FordhastoworryaboutwhatGMisdoingandwhatToyotaisdoing,andforthemomentatleastwhatChryslerisdoingbutperhapsnotforlong.Sothere'sasmallnumberoffirmsandtheiractionsaffecteachother.Soforaliteraldefinitionofwhatstrategicmeans:it'sasettingwheretheoutcomesthataffectyoudependonactions,notjustonyourownactions,butonactionsofothers.Allright,that'sasmuchasI'mgoingtosayforpreviewrightnow,we'regoingtocomebackand