New-Zealand

NewZealand南阿尔卑斯山脉，常年积雪，融雪形成的湖QueenstownBasicfactsSize：270500Sq.kPopulation:4,177,000人(2007)80%Europeandescent15%Maori-theindigenouspeopleofNewZealand;Language：English,MaoriReligion:Christianity.(Anglican,Methodist,Presbyterian,RomanCatholic.)Buddhism,Hinduism,Islam，Judaism.Capital:Wellington.WellingtonWellingtonisthecultural,commercialandcosmopolitancentreofthecountry.itisNewZealand’ssecondlargestcity(423,000pop).Itisthesouthernmostandwindiestnationalcapitalcityintheworld.Auckland:thelargestcity,itishometoalmostathirdofallNewZealanders.(About1.3millionpop.).Christchurch:thethirdlargestcityinNewZealandandthelargestcityintheSouthIslandwithapopulationof320,000.1.GeographicfeaturesSituatedinthesouthwestPacificOcean.alarge,longgroupofislandmadeupoftwomainlandmasses,theNorthIsland北岛andtheSouthIsland南岛,separatedbyCookStrait科克海峡.1）TheNorthIslandItisoneofthethreepartsofNewZealand.Itisfamousforspectacularvolcanoes（图片活火山）andthethermalregion.Aboutthree-quartersofNewZealand’spopulationliveontheNorthIsland.2）TheSouthIslandTheSouthIslandhastheSouthernAlpsalongitswestcoast,withMountCook(3754m)thehighestpoint,whichliesinthecentreoftheSouthernAlps.2.ClimateNewZealandisinthesoutherntemperatelatitudesmidwaybetweentheEquatorandtheSouthPole.Ithasamaritimeclimate.It’stemperaturesseldomfallbelow0℃orrisingabove30℃.SeasonsareoppositetotheNorthernHemisphere.Summer(January-March)Winter(July-September)3.AnimalsandplantsAnimals:Nonativemammals（哺乳动物）apartfrombatsandmarinemammals（海洋哺乳动物）manynativeinsects（昆虫）arefoundinNZ.Thebest-knownreptile（爬行动物）istuataras（斑点楔齿蜥）regardedasa“livingfossil”.Tuataras（斑点楔齿蜥）aretheonlyremainingdescendantsofancientreptiles（爬行动物）thatlivedmorethan200millionyearsago.Birds:Ithasmanyflightlessbirds,suchastheuniquespeciesofbirdsincludekiwi,kakapo(Alargeflightlessparrot)Kiwiisabirdwhichisactiveatnightbutcannotfly.ItisanationalsymbolandNewZealanderscallthemselveskiwis.NZ’sResourceManagementActpassedin1991wasthefirstenvironmentallawintheworld.NZhasverybeautifulenvironmentkiwikakapoAlargeflightlessparrotYellowEyedPenguins新西兰黄眼企鹅凤冠企鹅4.theNewZealanders85%peopleliveincitiesandtowns.Nearly74%,includingamajorityofMaori,liveonNorthIsland.80%ofNewZealandersidentifythemselvesashavingsomeEuropeanancestry.ThenextlargestpopulationgroupareMaori,thecountry’soriginalinhabitants.Pacificislandersmakeupabout5%ofthepopulation.SignificantChineseandIndianshavelivedforgenerations.5.MaoritangaItistheMaoriwordfor“Maoriculture”.ItreferstoalltheelementsoftherichculturalheritageoftheindigenouspeopleinNewZealand,includingtheirlanguage,customsandtraditions.MaoriArtsandCraftsWhakairo-CarvingImage:TeArawaMaoriWarriorwhenNewZealanderstouchnoses,they’reofferingpeace,friendshipandhospitality.Haka6.HistoryPolynesianMaoriarrivedaroundAD1000and1200.EnglishmanJamesCookbeganextensivesurveysoftheislandsin1769.Hesailedaroundthewholecoastandproducedamap.TheTreatyofWaitangiwassigned.ThelocalchiefsretainedcontroloftheirlandsandresourcesandgaveupsovereigntytoQueenVictoriain1840Landwarsbetween1843-1872endedwithdefeatofnativepeoplesBecameindependentconstitutionalmonarchyin19477.GovernmentAnindependentnationwithaparliamentarygovernmentandaconstitutionalmonarchy.theHeadofStateistheBritishmonarchElizabethIIinhercapacityofQueenofNewZealand,representedbyaGovernor-General.Itsparliamenthasonechamber,theHouseofRepresentatives(众议院),whichhas120MPs,6beingMaoriMPs.Nowrittenconstitution(likethatofUK);itincludesstatutes,rulesandadministrativepractice.2politicalparties:theLaborPartyandtheNationalPartyProportionalRepresentationsystem（比例代表制）knownasMMPR(MixedMemberProportionalrepresentation混合成员比例代表制)BritishMonarchRepresentedbyGovernor–GeneralLegislature（Parliament）⇓HouseofRep.(120MPs-6forMaori)ExecutiveHeadedbyP.M.⇓Cabinet(20)Judiciary⇓SupremeCourtParliamentHouse约翰·凯伊(JohnKey)(新西兰国家党)就任日期：2008年11月19日LocalgovernmentThreelevelsoflocalgovernment:Regionalcouncils(12regions):Responsibleforresourcemanagement,soilconservationandriversandpestcontrolCity,districtorcountycouncils(74territories):Responsibleforlanduseconsents,parks,reserves,noise&rubbishcontrol,sewerage…Communityboards(Communities):promotescommunityinterests8.EducationEducationisfree/compulsoryforallchildrenaged6-16.Anelectedboardoftrusteesgovernseachschool.StateschoolschargefeestoforeignstudentswhoarenotNewZealandresidents,exceptforexchangestudents.Correspondenceschoolprovidesdistanceeducationforstudentswhocannotattendschool.1).PrimaryeducationPrimaryschoolisfreeforchildrenfrom6years.Infantclass/juniorclass（幼儿班）–2years(1)Standard1-4（小学1-4年级）+Forms1-2（中学1-2年级）atprimaryschool.(2)Standard1-4（小学1-4年级）oftentransferringtospecializedintermediateschoolsinForms1-22).Secondaryschool(collegesorhighschools)Ataboutageof12-13,childrenattendthesecondaryschool.Moststudentsattendpublicsecondaryschools;onlyaminorityattendsprivateorchurch-runschools.In2002,NationalCertificateofEducationAchievement(全国教育成绩证书)towhichexamsinForms3,4an5arecontributedreplacedschoolcertificateandUniversityEntrance.3).Highe