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英语语法的基本体系一、词法二、句法1、按句型结构分(1)简单句(2)并列句(3)复合句2、按使用目的可分为四类(1)陈述句(2)疑问句(3)感叹句(4)祈使句简单句1.按句型结构分有以下五种句型:(1)主语+动词(不及物)(2)主语+动词(及物)+宾语(3)主语+动词(系动词)+表语(4)主语+动词(及物)1.+间接宾语+直接宾语(5)主语+动词+宾语+宾补2.按使用目的可分为四类(1)陈述句(2)疑问句(3)感叹句(4)祈使句复合句(1)名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句(2)状语从句(时间、地点、方式、目的、伴随、结果等)(3)定语从句一、词法名词n.noun代词pron.pronoun形容词adj.adjective数词num.numeral动词v.verb副词adv.adverb冠词art.article介词prep.preposition连词conj.conjunction感叹词inter.interjection名词1、专有名词的分类:2、普通名词(1)集合名词(2)物质名词(3)抽象名词名词在句中的作用:1)主语Horserunsfasterthanelephant.2)表语Heisateacher.3)宾语或构成复合宾语Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.4)定语或同位语Thisisashoestore.5)呼语ProfessorWang,thisiswhatyouneed.6)状语Thelecturelastedanhour.名词的复数形式:要记规则和不规则词的变化形容词在句中主要是作:1)定语Wehavehadaninterestingclass.2)表语Thenewsisinteresting.3)复合宾语Ifoundthenewsinteresting.4)状语Hearrivedhome,coldandhungry.记住以a开头的形容词不能作定语:如alone,afraid,asleep,alive等,eg:一条活鱼是,afishalive/alivingfish.而非analivefish.形容词的比较及以及最高级的用法副词在句中主要作状语,修饰动词\形容词\副词\整个句子数词基数词:充当定语、主语、宾语或介宾、表语、同位语序数词:充当定语,前面要加定冠词分数词:充当定语、主语、宾语或介宾、表语、同位语、状语人称代词:主格:I/you//he/she/we/she/it/we/you/they只作主语宾格:me/you/him/her/it/us/them只作宾语物主代词:形容词型:my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their定语名词型:mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/yours/theirs名词型的作用相当于名词的作用自身代词:单数:myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself复数:ourselves/yourselves/themselves自身代词可作:宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语代词相互代词:oneanother/eachother指示代词:this/that/these/those作主语、宾语、表语、定语such作定语、主语、表语疑问代词:who作主语或表语whom作宾语whose/what/which作主语、表语、宾语、定语关系代词:who/whom/whose/that/which作主语、宾语、表语、定语连接代词:包括疑问代词不定代词:all/each/every/both/either/neither/one/none/little/few/many/much/other/another/some/any/no/something/nothing等动词及物动词跟宾语不及物动词不跟宾语系动词跟表语助动词跟动词原形或分词(无特殊意义)情态动词跟动词原形(有自己的意思)动词具有人称、数、时态、语态、语气的变化,还要注意动词过去式与过去分词中规则与不规则的变化基本时态一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时现在完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时一般时do将来时will/begoingtodo进行时bedoing完成时havedone不管变为那种时态,只要把动词原形拿来变。动词的非谓语形式todo/doing/done1.以doing为宾语的动词2.以todo为宾语的动词3.以todo/doing为宾语,但意义有别的动词4.以todo/doing为宾语,意义无差别的动词非谓语动词的时态和语态:如:tobedone/tohavedone/tohavebeendone/tobedoingbeingdone/havingdone/havingbeendone冠词定冠词aan不定冠词the连词并列连词:but/and/or/nor/so/therefore/yet/however/nevertheless/for/aswellas/both…and/notonly…butalso/either…or/neither…nor/(and)then从属连词:用来引导从句:after/when/before/as/while/aslongas/inorderthat/asif等.动词的考法通过语境来判断时态,如:1、----Howareyoutoday?(NMET2000)----Oh,IasillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt2..Theprice,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.(NMET99)A.wentdownB.willgodownC.hasgonedownD.wasgoingdown3.---Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!(NMET99)----Oh,I’mterriblysorry..A.I’mnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’tnotice4---Youhaven’tbeentoBeijing,haveyou?(NMET98)---.HowIwishtogothere!A.Yes,IhaveB.Yes,Ihaven’tC.No,IhaveD.No,Ihaven’t5.ShirleyabookaboutChinalastyearbutIdon’tknowwhethershehasfinishedit.(NMET98)A.haswrittenB.wroteC.hadwrittenD.waswriting6.---Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.(NMET98)---Iamtired.Ithelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted句子的成分及在句中的作用英语句子的成分可以是单词,也可以是词组或从句在句子中起主要作用的有:主语、谓语。在句子中起次要作用的有:宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),补语(说明主语或宾语的动作、状态,特征)状语(修饰形容词、动词、副词或全句的成分)表语(在系动词后,说明主语的身份、状态、特征)定语(修饰名词或代词)句子的主要成分及其构成:主语:名词或起名词作用的其他词类、短语或从句。谓语:动词或动词短语,或系动词加以形容词或名词或起同类作用的其他词类、短语、从句。宾语:名词或与之相当的其他词类,短语或从句。(放在及物动词后面)定语:形容词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句。(用来修饰名词或代词;单个形容词作定语一般放所修饰名词之前,短语或从句放其后。)状语:副词、介词、短语、分词及从句等。语序,倒装和强调.ppt二、句法句子按结构可以分为三类简单句并列句复合句句子按使用目的可分为四类陈述句肯定句否定句疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句祈使句感叹句简单句:一、简单句:只有一套主语和谓语。BothXiaoZhangandXiaoWangarefromBeijing.BothEmmerandherlittlesisterplaythepianoandoftengotoconcerts.1.按句型结构分有:(1)主语+动词:She(主语)sings(动词)1.Timeflies.2.Classbegins.3.Springhascome.4.Thebirdsaresinging.5.Everybodylaughed.6.Fishswim.7.Themedicineworks.(2)主语+动词+宾语:She(主语)sings(动词)folksongs(宾语).1.WearelearningEnglish.2.Mysisterpreparesherlessonsaftersupper.3.Sheplaysthepianobeautifully.4.ThechildrenwatchTVintheevening.5.Iplantedsomeflowersinthegarden.6.Thegirlsarepickingcottoninthefield.7.Weinvitedsomeforeignfriendstotheshow.(3)主语+系动词+表语:Sheisagreatsinger.(主语)(系动词)(表语)1.Thisisourclassroom.2.Itisbrightandclean.3.Myparentsarebothteachers.4.Thestoryisveryinstructive.5.Schoolisover.6.Wewereallout.7.Tomlooksyoung.8.Youseemtired.9.Ifeelquitecomfortable.10.Theweatheriskeepingfine.11.Heremainedsilent.12.Thedayaregettinglongerandlonger.(4)主语+动词+宾语+宾补:Sheaskedhimtosingasong.(主语)(动词)(宾语)(宾补)1.WecallhimTom.2.Thenewsmadeushappy.3.Weelectedhimpresident.4.Wealwayskeepourofficeclean.5.HisfathernamedhimPeter.6.Ifoundhimhonest.7.Weallthoughtherniceandsincere.8.Shehasgotsupperready.(5)主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语:Shesanghimasong.(主语)(动词)(间宾)(直宾)1.Mothermademeacoat.2.Igavehimapen.3.Iwrotemybrotheraletteryesterday.4.Iwillbringyouthepapertomorrow.5.Fatherwillbuymeabike.6.Tomshowedmethephotoofhisfamily.7.MysistersentmethesepicturesfromBeijing.此句型也可改为:S+P+sth.for/tosb.eg:Heshowedhispassporttotheguard.Hisfatherwillbuyamobilephoneforhim.接双宾的动词有:买:buysth.forsb.制造/做:makesth.forsb.节约:savesth.forsb.递:pass/passonsth.tosb.送:send/post/mailsth.tosb.教:teachsb.
本文标题:英语语法基本框架
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