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BIOS与硬盘产品工程部马翀目录硬盘的故事SAS/SATA规范介绍BIOS启动规范硬盘分区格式BIOS的硬盘接口总结&回答问题硬盘的故事--IDE/ATAIDE并不是第一个将控制器集成到硬盘中的技术-广达(Quantum)推出了3.5inchHardcard,但是有很多的问题-将硬盘控制器整体放在独立的硬盘坞上,通过线缆直接连接到系统总线上1986年,Compaq与两家公司合作研发出现代IDE的前身,这两家公司分别是:-WesternDigital(西数)-ControlDataCorporation,现在属于Seagate(希捷)1990年,ANSI通过了ATAttachmentInterface审查并发布了第一个ATA规范,ATA-1IDE/ATAProgrammedI/O(PIO)ModesIDE/ATADirectMemoryAccess(DMA)ModesandBusMasteringDMABlockTransfers-增加了支持块传输的命令,由此提高性能LogicalBlockAddressing(LBA)-支持“逻辑块地址”,LBA的使用同时也需要BIOS端的支持ImprovedIdentifyDriveCommand-允许软件通过指令的方式来获取硬盘包括几何以及各方面参数的详细信息FasterPIOModesFasterDMAModesATA-2ImprovedReliability-增加了高速数据传输的可靠性Self-MonitoringAnalysisandReportingTechnology(SMART)-HeadFlyingHeight-NumberofRemappedSectors-ECCUseandErrorCounts-Spin-UpTime-Temperature-DataThroughputSecurityFeature-使硬盘具有加密保护的功能ATA-3ATAPI–ATAttachmentPacketInterface-SFF-SmallFormFactorcommittee首先提出ATAPI标准,使得非硬盘类设备可以在ATA接口下使用ATAPI协议进行工作,如光驱,磁带驱动器,软驱-90年代末期,T13接手了ATAPI的命令集以及协议CyclicalRedundancyChecking(CRC)High-PerformanceIDECableUltraDMA(UDMA)ModesATA/ATAPI-4CHS–Cylinder-Head-SectorCHS&LBACCylinder10-bit,0~1023HHead8-bit,0~255SSector6-bit,1~63通常8G是BIOS中能够寻址的上限,8GB=8192MB并不准确,准确的上限是(8192–256*1024*512)MBCHStoLBAmappingBeforeATA/ATAPI–7-T13-INCITS-ANSIAfterATA/ATAPI–7Comesup-有太多版本的ATA/ATAPIATA/ATAPIsSATA-IO:SerialATAInternationalOrganization硬盘的故事--SATASATARevision1.0-1.5G/s速度,不支持NCQ-吞吐率峰值和PATA/133接近-硬盘同时具有两种电源接口-8b/10b编码AHCI–AdvancedHostControllerInterface-AHCI是一种PCI类设备,用于在系统内存与SATA设备间传输数据-AHCI最多支持32个端口-支持ATA和ATAPI设备,且需要具有PIO和DMA传输模式-AHCI可以选择支持传统I/O区间,或者NativeIDE/BusMasterIDESATARev1.0&AHCIBDA–BIOSDataAreaBusMasterIDE/NativeIDESATA2.0相比于上一个版本在速度上有很大提升SATA3.0-6Gbit/s可伸缩速度-依然可以通过SASSTP协议兼容SAS控制器-isochronousNCQ-提升电源管理能力-LIF1.8寸兼容接口-与INCITS-ACS标准同步SATARev2.0/SATARev3.0硬盘的故事--SCSISCSI从SASI继承而来,ShugartAssociateSystemInterface;1982年,ANSI开发了SASI规范,后更名为SCSI;SCSI是一种智能的点对点接口,它隐藏了物理格式的复杂性同一总线可以支持8到16块硬盘从1986年开始,SCSI被Amiga,AppleMacintosh和Sun公司的电脑产品线以及PC服务器系统;很多厂商在低端产品线上仍然选择PATAT10负责实际的开发工作SCSI-SmallComputerSystemInterfaceATA&SCSIHotSwappingBandwidth5120Mbit/sWidth16-bitConnector68-pins;80-pinsAlternativeUltra-5SpecSCSI-3SPI-5(2003)Clock160MHzDDRParallelSCSI–Ultra-640SCSI硬盘的故事–SerialSCSISerialattachedSCSI使用作过修改的SATA数据线和电源线,但需要SAS控制器支持iSCSIiSCSI使用网络物理硬件,一般是以太网接口和线缆作为物理层传输USBAttachedSCSI使用USB作为物理层传输数据FC-ALFiberChannelSerialSCSISAS/SATA规范介绍SASProtocolLayerSASPhysicalLayerSASPhysicalLayerPHY层定义了8b10b编码以及OOB信号-将8比特编码成含有十个比特的字符-字母符号具有特殊的意义,它包括描述信息以及控制变量SASPHYLayerSASPHYLayerSATAOOBSequenceSASPHYLayer–OOBSASToSATAPHYOOBSequenceSASPHYLayer--OOBSASToSASPHYOOBSequenceCOMSASBurstProcessSASSpeedNegationSATASpeedNegationPrimitivesPrimitives是第一个字符为K28.3或者K28.5的双字SASLinkLayerAddressFramesAddressframesareusedfortheidentificationsequenceandforconnectionrequests.a)performsandidentificationsequencebytransmittinganIDENTIFYaddressframeb)performsahardresetsequencebytransmittingaHARD_RESETprimitivesequenceConnectionsOverviewSASPortLayerStateMachineExampleHowToBindADiskNotationToItsRelativePhyID-HowLinuxKernelAllocatesDiskNotation?-HowLinuxKernelNotifiesDiskNotationAllocationProgramWhenADiskIsFound?-WhyTheSequenceIsStillDisorderedEvenIfWeDoNotHotPlug?-W/AToBind?ExampleAnalysisOverviewSASTransportLayerSSPSTPASATAdevicephytransmitsaRegister-DevicetoHostFISaftercompletingthelinkresetsequenceTheexpanderdeviceshallupdateasetofshadowregisterswiththecontentsofthisFISandshallnotdeliverittoanySTPinitiatorport.SMPinitiatorportsmayreadtheshadowregistercontentsusingtheSMPREPORTPHYSATAfunctionTheexpanderdeviceoriginatesaBroadcast(Change)afterreceivingtheRegister-DevicetoHostFISSMPSCSIapplicationlayer-SCSItransportprotocolservices-Applicationclienterrorhandling-Deviceservererrorhandling-Taskrouterandtaskmanagererrorhandling-SCSItransportprotocoleventnotifications-SCSIcommands-SCSImodeparameters-SCSIlogparameters-SCSIdiagnosticparameters-SCSIpowerconditions-SCSIvitalproductdataATAapplicationlayerManagementapplicationlayer-READYLEDsignalbehavior-Managementprotocolservices-SMPfunctionsSASApplicationLayerSATASpeedNegationSATA–SpeedNegationBIOS启动规范BIOSBootSpecificationThepurposeofthisspecificationistodescribeamethodologybywhichtheBIOSwillidentifyallIPL(InitialProgramLoad)devicesinthesystem,prioritizethemintheordertheuserselects,andthensequentiallygothrougheachdeviceandattempttoboot.TheBIOSmustbecomemoreintelligentaboutbootingbecausethePlugandPlayBIOSSpecificationplacesadditionalrequirementsontheBIOSduringthebootprocess,andtherearenowmoredevicesthatarebootablesuchasCD-ROM,networkremoteboot,PCMCIA,etc.ItisimportantthatthisspecificationdefineabootschemethatisgenericandflexibleenoughtoallowbootingfromvirtuallyanyexistingIPLdevice,andforthedefinitionoffutureIPLdevicesaswell.IPLDeviceAnInitialProgramLoadDeviceisanydeviceinthesystemthatcanbootandloadanO/S.InstandardATmachines,thisisthefloppydriveorharddrive.BAIDABIOSAwareIPLDeviceisanydevicethatcanbootanO/S,butrequirestheBIOStohavespecificcodetosupportit.Someexamplesare:thefirstfloppydriv
本文标题:BIOS与硬盘
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