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名词及名词的复数名词名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是:人的名字LiMing,Tom地方名称China,London职业称呼teacher,doctor物品名称pencil,dictionary行为名称study,invention抽象概念history,grammar名词的分类可数名词不可数名词集体名词个体名词物质名词抽象名词普通名词专有名词teacher,bus,…..people,crew,….rice,air,water,…knowledge,friendship名词China,BillGates,theGreatWall,…1.个体名词:指作为个体而存在的人或东西。a.可以指具体的人或物。Hehastwoaunts.Mostclassroomshavecomputers.普通名词:专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词也可指抽象东西。We’velivedherefortwentyyears.Ihadadreamlastnight个体名词有复数形式,如:weeks,problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用,如:aweek,aproblem,anoldman.2.集体名词:表示由个体组成的集体。Eg:armyaudiencecompanyenemyfamilyteampolicegovernmentpublic3.物质名词:指无法分为个体的东西。beercakeclothcottonfuricepaintpapersoil4.抽象名词:表示一些抽象的概念。educationlovepolicytrustnaturefashionreliefsilencetruth1)人名:Mary,MrsGreen,Zhanghua2)地名:Beijing,WestLake3)某类人的名称:Americans,Russians4)某些抽象事物的名称:English,Chinese5)月份、周日及节日名称:May,Saturday,Easter6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称:GonewiththeWind7)对家人等的称呼:Mum,Dad,UncleTom注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写专有名词:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称合成名词①名词+名词,如daybreak,sunrise,cattleshed,house-keeper,shoe-maker,headache,night-club,pocket-knife,arm-chair,wine-glass,ink-stand,man-servant,maid-servant,steamboat,goldsmith,newspaper,lawsuit等。②形容词+名词,如blackboard,commonweath,highway,stronghold,sweetheart,easy-chair,grandson,blueprint,deadline,high-brow,lazy-bones等。③动词+名词,如drawbridge,grindstone,playground,pickpocket,breakfast,cut-throat,makeshift,sing-song,turn-coat,washbasin等。④副词虚词+名词,如afterthought,offshoot,outbreak,byway,bylaw,outpost,overcoat,underclothes,outgrowth,downpour,upkeep,bystander等。合成名词⑤副词虚词+动词,如income,outlet,outlook,onset,outfit,upstart,inlet,offspring,outburst,offset等。⑥动词+副词,如die-hard,breakdown,drawback,set-up,break-up,farewell,standstill,feedback等。⑦名词+动名词,如book-keeping,town-planning,letter-writing,word-building,tiger-hunting,paper-manufacturing,bill-collecting,car-repairing,television-advertising,window-shopping,day-dreaming,photocopying,handwriting等。⑧其他,如man-of-war,forget-me-not,son-in-law,mother-in-law,commander-in-chief,editor-in-chief,merry-go-round,hide-and-seek,stay-at-home,jack-in-the-box等。在这8种构词法中,第7类“名词+动名词”最富生命力。此外,动名词还可以下列三形式构成合成名词:㈠动名词+名词,如drinkingwater,listeningmaterial,fishingrod,waiting-room,looking-glass,stepping-stone,runningmate等。㈡动名词+副词虚词,如swearing-in,going-over㈢副词+动名词,如uprising,well-being等。考点1名词复数变化1)规则变化①一般情况加s◆math(s),physics,politics,news,James,theWhites②x,s,sh,ch后加es③“辅音字母+y”结尾去y变i加es,“元音字母+y”结尾直接加s④以o结尾的“黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆”加es,其他直接加snegroherotamatopotato考点1名词复数变化1)规则变化①一般情况加s◆math(s),physics,politics,news,James,theWhites②x,s,sh,ch后加es③“辅音字母+y”结尾去y变i加es,“元音字母+y”结尾直接加s④以o结尾的“黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆”加es,其他直接加snegroherotamatopotato考点1名词复数变化1)规则变化①一般情况加s◆math(s),physics,politics,news,James,theWhites②x,s,sh,ch后加es③“辅音字母+y”结尾去y变i加es,“元音字母+y”结尾直接加s④以o结尾的“黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆”加es,其他直接加snegroherotamatopotato⑤以下以f,fe结尾的词去f,fe变ves树叶半数自己黄,leafhalfself妻子刀切面包忙,wifeknifeloaf架后窜出一只狼,shelfwolf就像小偷逃命狂。thieflife◆scarf——scarfs/scarves可数名词变复数的规则变化一般在词尾加-sdesk→desksmap→mapsday→daysgirl→girls-s在清辅音后发[s]音-s在元音和浊辅音后发[z]可数名词变复数的规则变化以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-esbus→busesbox→boxeswatch→watchesfish→fisheses发[iz]音stomach----stomachs可数名词变复数的规则变化以辅音字母加y结尾时,把y变成i,再加-esfamily→familiesfactory→factoriesparty→parties3.以元音字母+y结尾的或专有名词以y结尾的直接加-s如:toys,Germanys,Henrys-ies发[iz]音可数名词变复数的规则变化1)词尾读音为[f]并以-f或0-fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况:a)规则形式:belief---beliefschief----chiefscliff----cliffsgrief----griefsb)不规则形式,即把-f或-fe变成-v,再加-es,读音为[vz]:calf---calveshalf---halvesleaf----leaveslife----livesloaf---loavesself---shelvesthief---thieveswife---wiveswolf---wolvesc)既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式:dwarf---dwarfs/dwarveshoof---hoofs/hovesscarf---scarfs/scarveswharf---wharfs/wharves可数名词变复数的规则变化3)词干以-o结尾的名次有三种情况:a)附属形式为-s:这类词包括缩略词kilos,photos;表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos,studiosb)复数形式为-es,如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes。c)复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式,如:cargo---cargos/cargoesmosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoesvolcano---volacbos/volcanoes变复数的几点注意项4.在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中,加-s,如:threeUFOs,但A、I的复数应在其后加’s,如:TherearetwoA’sinthisword.小写字母及数字的复数形式应加’s,如:two6’sthreea’s不规则变化1.变内部元音。如:foot-feettooth-teethgoose-geesemouse-miceman-menwoman-womenpoliceman-policemen不规则变化2.词尾加-en或ren。如:ox-oxenchild-children3.汉语音译词无复数形式。(表示度量衡,币制等单位的名词)如:fiveyuan,sixjin,twojiao“某国人”的复数形式:•单、复数相同Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,…•词尾加-sAfricans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians•变man为menEnglishman---EnglishmenFrenchman---Frenchmen但:German---Germans单复数同形的名词1)某些动物名词,如:deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等2)以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词,如:Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等3)某些以-s结尾的名词,如:barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等4)某些表示计量单位的名词,如:horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等5)其他一些名词,如:aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等。其中请特别注意-s结尾的单复数同形的名词,它们是考试的重点!!4.单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式,如:air(空气)---airs(气派,架势)arm(手臂)---arms(武器)ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰;废墟)authority(权利)---authorities(当局)cloth(织物)---clothes(衣服content(含量)---contents(目录)custom(习惯)---customs(海关;关税)damage(损害)---damages(赔偿金)force(力量)---forces(武装部队)glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼镜)good(利益)---goods(货物)green
本文标题:小升初英语名词讲解及题型
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