霍夫斯泰德文化维度

Hofstede'sCulturalDimensions于尚弘CONTENTS1.PowerDistance（权力距离）2.IndividualismvsCollectivism（个人主义vs集体主义）3.UncertaintyAvoidance（不确定性规避）4.MasculinityvsFemininity（男性度vs女性度）5.Long-TermOrientationvsShort-termorientation（长期取向vs短期取向）Powerdistanceisdefinedas'theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacountryexpectandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally'(Hofstedeetal.,2010:61).Peopleinlargepowerdistancesocietiesacceptahierarchicalorderinwhicheverybodyhasaplacethatneedsnofurtherjustification,whereasthoseinsmallpowerdistancesocietiesstriveforpowerequalizationanddemandjustificationforpowerinequalities.PowerDistance定义：在一个国家内部，组织机构中处于弱势地位的成员对权力分布不平等的接受度在权力距离远的社会中，人们接受等级制度，而不去寻求正义。然而在权力距离小的社会中，人们谋求权力的平等，在不平等面前要求伸张正义。Individualismpertainsto'societiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose:everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhim-orherselfandhisorherimmediatefamily.Collectivismasitsoppositepertainstosocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups,whichthroughoutpeople'slifetimecontinuetoprotecttheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty'(Hofstedeetal.,2010:92).Peopleinanindividualistculturearemoreconcernedwiththeirownself-interest,andwilltendtobeinfluencedlessbygrouporsocietalnorms.Inacollectivistculture,theindividualismorelikelytobemotivatedbygroupinterests.Peopleareguidedbywhatisthebestforthegroupthroughsharing,cooperation,andgroupharmony.IndividualismvsCollectivism个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只关心自己或与之亲近的人。相反，在集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们对于该群体的绝对忠诚.在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被集体利益驱使，做出有利于集体的事情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。Uncertaintyavoidanceisdefinedas‘theextenttowhichthemembersofaculturefeelthreatenedbyambiguousorunknownsituations’(Hofstedeetal.,2010:191).Stronguncertaintyavoidancesocietiesmaintainrigidcodesofbeliefandbehaviorandareintoleranttowardsdeviantpersonsandideas,butweakuncertaintyavoidancesocietiesmaintainamorerelaxedatmosphereinwhichpracticecountsmorethanprinciplesanddevianceismoreeasilytolerated.UncertaintyAvoidance定义：某种文化中的成员在面对不确定的或未知的情况时感到威胁的程度.不确定规避性强的社会对于思想和行为有着严格的限制，不能容忍越轨的人和想法；但是不确定规避性弱的社会氛围更加轻松，人们认为实践大于规则，偏离正轨的行为也更容易被人们接受。MasculinityvsFemininity男性度代表社会中两性角色差距显著。男性应变现为自信、坚强、注重物质成功而女性应更谦虚、温柔、关注生活质量。相反，女性度意味着社会中两性角色相互重叠。男女都注重维护良好的人际关系，关心弱者，团结一致。Masculinitystandsfor'asocietyinwhichsocialgenderrolesareclearlydistinct:Menaresupposedtobeassertive,tough,andfocusedonmaterialsuccess;womenaresupposedtobemoremodest,tender,andconcernedwiththequalityoflife'(Hofstede,2001:297).Femininity,astheoppositeofmasculinity,standsforasocietyinwhichsocialgenderrolesoverlap.Theymaintainwarmpersonalrelationships,carefortheweak,andsolidarity(Hofstede,1984).Long-termOrientationvsShort-termOrientationLong-termorientationstandsfor“thefosteringofvirtuesorientedtowardfuturerewards–inparticular,perseveranceandthrift”.Short-termorientation,astheoppositepole,standsforthefosteringofvirtuesrelatedtothepastandpresent–inparticular,respectfortradition,preservationof“face”andfulfilling“socialobligations”(HofstedeandHofstede,2005).长期导向意味着培育以追求未来回报为导向的品德—尤其是坚韧和节俭。与之相对的另一端，短期导向，意味着培育与过去和现在相关的品德—尤其是尊重传统、维护面子，以及履行社会义务References[1]HofstedeG,HofstedeGJandMinkovM(2010)CulturesandOrganizations:SoftwareoftheMind,3rdedn.NewYork:McGraw-Hill.[2]HofstedeG(2001)Culture’sConsequences:ComparingValues,Behaviors,Institutions,andOrganizationsacrossNations,2ndedn.ThousandOaks,CA:Sage[3]HofstedeG(1984)Culture’sConsequences:InternationalDifferencesinWork-RelatedValues,abridgededn.BeverlyHills,CA:Sage[4]Hofstede,G.andHofstede,G.J.(2005),CulturesandOrganizations–SoftwareoftheMind,McGraw-Hill,NewYork,NY.