虚拟语气语法讲解与习题

1虚拟语气一．语气的分类：语气概念动词的一种形式，表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度。分类陈述语气表示说话人认为他说的话是事实。祈使语气表示说话人提出请求，命令或劝告等。虚拟语气表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。二．虚拟语气的用法：（一）虚拟语气在if条件句中的用法：1.构成：从句的谓语动词形式主句的谓语动词形式与现在事实相反过去式（be动词一般用were）should/would/could/mightdo与过去事实相反过去完成式should/would/could/mighthavedone与将来事实相反①过去式（be动词一般用were）②shoulddo③weretodoshould/would/could/mightdo---IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveitup.(与现在事实相反)---IfIhadtakenhisadvice,Iwouldnothavemadesuchamistake.(与过去事实相反)---Ifshecame/shouldcome/weretocome,Icouldaskherforhelp.(与将来事实相反)2．特殊用法：①错综时间虚拟条件句：条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，主从句的谓语动词要根据假设的时间来定。---Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldbemuchbetternow.②if条件句虚拟倒装：可以把if从句中的should,were,had置于句首，省略if构成倒装。---WereIyou,Iwouldgiveitup.---HadItakenhisadvice,Iwouldnothavemadesuchamistake.---Shouldshecome,Icouldaskherforhelp.③含蓄虚拟条件句：有时假设的情况并不以if引导的条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without,butfor,otherwise,or,but等。---Without/Butforyourhelp,Icouldnothavesucceeded.---Ishouldhavereturnedthebooklastweek,butIwastoobusy.（but后为真实情况）---Hewasill,otherwise/orhewouldhavehelpedus.（otherwise/or前为真实情况）④特殊的if句虚拟：Ifitwere(hadbeen)notfor…“要不是…”---Ifitwerenotforpeace,wecouldnotbelivingahappylife.---Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.（二）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法：1．一些表示坚持，命令，建议，要求的词用于名词性从句中时从句的谓语动词用虚拟（一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求）---Ourteachersuggestedthatwe(should)studyhard.(宾语从句)---Thatwe(should)studyhardwasourteacher’ssuggestion.(主语从句)---Itwassuggestedthatwe(should)studyhard.(主语从句)---Ourteacher’ssuggestionwasthatwe(should)studyhard.(表语从句)---Ourteachergaveusasuggestionthatwe(should)studyhard.(同位语从句)★suggest表示“暗示”，insist表示“坚持说”时不用虚拟。---Hispalefacesuggestedthathewasill.---TheoldmaninsistedthatIhadstolenhismoney.22．主语从句中的虚拟语气：Itis+形容词/名词+that从句（虚拟），常见的形容词或名词有：natural,important,necessary/essential,strange,surprising,funny,apity,ashame,nowonder等。---Itisimportantthatwe(should)keepthebalanceofnature.---Itisapitythathe(should)gotoBeijingalone.(此时should翻译为“竟然”)（三）wish的虚拟语气用法：(ifonly与wish用法一致)时间结构对现在情况的虚拟wish+主语+动词过去式对过去情况的虚拟wish+主语+haddone/would(could/might)havedone对将来情况的虚拟wish+主语+would(could/might)do---IwishIwererich.=IfonlyIwererich.（现在）---Iwishedhehadvisiteduslastnight.=Ifonlyhehadvisiteduslastnight.（过去）---IwishIcouldgotothemoononeday.=IfonlyIcouldgotothemoononeday.（将来）（四）wouldrather的虚拟语气用法：时间结构对现在或将来情况的虚拟wouldrather+主语+动词过去式对过去情况的虚拟wouldrather+主语+haddone---Iwouldratherhestayedathomenow/tomorrow.（现在或将来）---Iwouldratherhehadstayedathomeyesterday.(过去)（五）asif/asthough的虚拟语气用法：（asif/though与if用法相同，如果描述的内容与事实相符不用虚拟，若不相符则用虚拟）时间结构对现在情况的虚拟asif(though)+主语+动词过去式对过去情况的虚拟asif(though)+主语+haddone对将来情况的虚拟asif(though)+主语+would(could/might)do---Itlooksasif(though)someonewererunningafterhernow.（现在）---Hebehavedasif(though)nothinghadhappened.他装作若无其事的样子。（过去）---Itlooksasif(though)shewouldliveanother100years.（将来）（六）表示过去未曾实现的想法，意图，诺言，希望等，能这样用的动词有：want,think,hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose等，表达方式有两种：“had+过去分词+todo…”或“过去式+tohavedone”---Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.=Imeanttohavecome,butsomethinghappened.（七）Itis(high/about)timethatsb.didsth.shoulddosth.“该是…时候了”---Itistime(that)wewenthome.=Itistime(that)weshouldgohome.（八）情态动词用于表示对过去情况的虚拟：should/oughttohavedone：本应该做某事(shouldn’t/oughtnottohavedone“本不应该做某事”)mighthavedone：本可能做某事(mightnothavedone“本不可能做某事”)couldhavedone：本能够做某事(couldn’thavedone“本不能做某事”)needhavedone：本需要做某事(needn’thavedone“本不需要做某事”)---Youshouldn’thavetoldhimthebadnews,whichmadethingsevenworse.---IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork.---Oh,didyou?YoucouldhavestayedwithTom.---Youneedn’thavetoldhimthenews;heknewitalready.---Thecarnearlyhitme;Imighthavebeenkilled.3巩固练习：1.---Theweatherhasbeenveryhotanddry.---Yes.Ifithadrainedevenadrop,thingswouldbemuchbetternow!Andmyvegetables___.（2010北京卷）.A.wouldn'tdieB.didn'tdieC.hadn'tdiedD.wouldn'thavedied2.Teachersrecommendparentstheirchildrenunder12toridebicyclestoschoolforsafety.(2010福建卷).A.notallowB.donotallowC.mustn’tallowD.couldn’tallow3.Ifhe__________myadvice,hewouldn’thavelosthisjob.（2010湖南卷）.A.followedB.shouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.wouldfollow4.Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhe_______moreonitsculture.（2010江苏卷）.A.focusB.focusedC.wouldfocusD.hadfocused5.Mark_______havehurried.Afterdrivingattopspeed,hearrivedhalfanhourearly.（2010天津卷）.A.needn’tB.wouldn’tC.mustn’tD.couldn’t6.---Johnwenttothehospitalalone.---Ifhe_______meaboutit,Iwouldhavegonewithhim.(2010天津卷).A.shouldtellB.tellsC.toldD.hadtold7.HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergy__.（2010浙江卷）.A.wouldhavebeensavedB.hadbeensavedC.willbesavedD.wassaved8.---Sorry,ProfessorSmith.Ididn'tfinishtheassignmentyesterday.---Oh,youhavedoneitasyesterdaywasthedeadline.(2010上海卷).A.mustB.mustn'tC.shouldD.shouldn't9.I_____havewatchedthatmovie---it’llgivemehorribledreams.(2010山东卷)A.shouldn’tB.needn’tC.couldn’tD.mustn’t10.Hedidnotregretsayingwhathedidbutfeltthathe_____itdifferently.(2009江苏卷)A.couldexpressB.wouldexpressC.couldhaveexpressedD.musthaveexpressed11.Thedoctorrecommendedthatyou_____swimaftereatingalargemeal.(2009浙江卷)A.wouldn’tB.couldn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t12.Butfortheirhelp,we_____theprogramintime.(20