工程教育体系的历史制度主义分析_美国与德国的范例

19,19602020,,,,,20091,100,,[1]?,,,,,(Deh-IHsiung,BarbaraM.Olds,JaneChuPrey.,2004),,,,(,1998:1945),()(,,2003),,,,,,(EngineeringEducation),,1925,(Wickenden,1930:751),,TechnicalEducation,,(Wickenden1930:751;Ahlstr?m,1992;Lundgreen,1994),,:(Tech2nologyEducation),,[2],(EngineeringEdu2cation),,21,K-12,,[3],,K-12,;,(),[4],,,,,,,,,(top-heavyunbalanced),,,(Halder,B.1999),,,;,,,,(Dawson,morecomprehensive,bal2anced),,;,,,,,,,,;,,,:1.,,,SpinningTop,:,,,,,,,(Careerandtechnicaleducation)(vocationaleduca2tion),,,,1917SmithHughes,(Fisher,B.,1967),,,,,3[5];20047[6]:97%,3,,,,,,,,90,,,31,,1/3;4000;,,,,,,,[7],,,2005[8],,,,,,[9]2006,2005,4300,71%,29%[10](NCES,2007)2005,200,61.4,30.7%;64.1,4.6,7.2%,2005,66,93%,7%(USDepart2mentofEducation,2006)2001,,,78%(USDepartmentofEducation,2001)/,,(associatedegree),,,2001,10%,,20,1/32005,,70%,30%;,30[11],[12],,2.,,;,,[13]1910,,,,(Wickenden,1930:751;Chamber2lain1908:8;Snow,1961;Lawrence,1980:96),:,,,(),I,,:((Haupt-schule,5),(,Gymnasium;II,9,8),(Realschule,6)312(2000),(Ober2stufe),,,:11,,23,(Kurssystem),4120092,,,,,,18,,,(Berufsschule)(Berufs2fachschule)(Fachschule),,(TechnischesGym2nasium)(Wirtschafts2gymnasium)(Berufsoberschule),(Hochschulreife),300(university),220(Fachhochschulen,univer2sitiesofAppliedScience)(Abitur),,,,(Universitat),,,,102,,,TechnischeUniversity(TU,TechnicalUniversity)TechnischeHochschule(TH,Collegeoftechnology)TU/TH,13()12()TH/TU,910(1214),,(Diploma,Ing.),68(FH,Fach2hochschulen,universitiesofappliedsciences),1969,,,,200,,,,1/430,,1/3FH,TH,,,(12,103)FH69(810.2),,(1530)(Diploma,Ing.,FH)1890,THFH,FH,23,FHFH,Y-model[14],,,,4050%,60%,90%(OECD,1997),10,,,,51,,,,1.1870[15],()18301840;185010002000;1860,,1871-725000,1875-766600(McLelland,1980:241);19031904,12576,191411541,,18801400191011000(Jarausch,1990:18)20,,,,Struck(1930:91):1905,,,,(),Struck,,,,,,,Robertson(1981:56)2.,19,;20,,,,,,2005,,3.,,Burrage(1990:222),,,,(CampbellandLindberg,1990;FligsteinandByrkjeflot,1996),,,,,,,,Wickenden,,,(Wickenden,1930:823)Streeck(1989:9093),Sorge(1977),6120092,,,,(Sorge,1977:51),?,,;,,,,(Sorge,1979:5253),,,,,,,,,,,,,(Nettl,1968;Birn2baum,1988),,,Dawson,,Gis2pen,,,,()()(Gispen,1988:568;Dawson,1919;Evansetal.,1985),1880,,,,,,,,(theMorrillland-grantactof1862),,Fisher(1967:114),,1917SmithHughes(voca2tionaleducation),,,,,,,Archer(1979:161),,,,,;,,1.,,,,,,71;,;,,,,20,,1917,,,,;,,,-,,(Collins,1979:162),/1950,,,,,,Wickenden(1930),,,,1910,,,Wickenden:,;,;,(Wickenden,1930:823),,,,Wickenden(unbalancedandtop-heavy),,NSF,,(JosephBor2dogna,2003),,,,,,(Fischer,2007;Suggs,2005;Blanton,2007),,(NCES,2005)2.,,,,,,,,,:,8120092,,,;,:,,,,,,10,,19971431,19985,1998:,(),(2007),,,,,,,:,,;,,,,:,;,;,,[16],:--,,aca2demicengineerpracticalengineer,,,;,(Pe2terF.Drucker)techonologist,:,,,(technolo2gist),20,:,-,-,,,,,;;,,,91,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2005,,,,,,,191030,1949,,,,,,,,,,,,[1]2008115,,20081000---(STEM)(NSF),STEM5050%,STEM5%STEM,STEM[2]Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology2education[3]Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering2education[4],,2001315,http:www.stats.gov.cn/tjzbjs.t2002032714295.htm[5]http:www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/cte/index.html,20086162004NationalAssessmentofVocationalEducation,FinalreporttoCongress:Keyfindings,97%,3[6]NationalAssessmentofVocationalEducation,FinalreporttoCongress:Keyfindings[7]http:www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCommunityColleges/Trends2and2Statistics/Trends2and2Statistics.htm.,,,,[8],,,,[9]U.S.DepartmentofEducation.2006.ATestofLeadership:Chart2ingtheFutureofU.S.HigherEducation.Washington,DC.http:www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports/final-report.pdf.Accessed7August2007.[10](associatedegree),(communitycol2leges)(juniorcolleges),businesscolleges;,[11]ScienceandTechnologyindicators,1966-2001.http:www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf04311/sectb.htm[12],60,20901997-982000-01,,1.3million2.9million,475001180002000-01,56%(2320),,90%,0220092()16%,10%,[13]Dawson,WilliamH.1919:TheEvolutionofModernGermany.London:T.FisherUnwin.p103[14]http:www.bath.ac.uk/ewl/ewlbkger.htm#Fachhochschule,20071229[15],1990[16]:,21,2007615,1.[],:,200352.::,,20043.:,2007254.::,20076215.BerknerL,HeS,CataldiEF.2003.DescriptiveSummaryof199596BeginningPostsecondaryStudents.SixYearsLater.NCES2003-151.Washington,DC.NationalCenterforEducationStatis2tics.6.BlantonJ.2007.2020scholarsinitiativewillincreaseaccessformoreKentuckianstoattendcollege.UniversityofKentuckyNews.(January23).Http.news.uky.edu/news/display2article.php?ar2tid=1897.Accessed20June2007.7.Bledstein.1977.TheCultureofProfessionalism.NewYork.W.WNorton&Company.8.Bourdieu,Pierre.1984.Distinctions.HarvardUniversityPress,Cambridge,MA.9.Burrage,Michael,KonradJarauschandHannesSiegrist.1990.Anactor2basedframeworkforthestudyofprofessions,inBurrage,M.andTorstendahlR.1990.Professionsintheoryandhistory.rethink2ingthestudyoftheprofessions.London.Sage.10.Burrage,Michael.1993.Frompracticetoschool2basedprofessionaleducation.patternsofconflictandaccomodationinEngland,FranceandtheUnitedStates,inRothblatt,S