托福入学测试

TOEFLibt测试卷R测试时间：测评教师：学生姓名：测评地点：学员成绩：/1201Time:60minutesScore:READINGSECTIONDIRECTIONSThereadingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreadandunderstandpassagesinEnglish.Formostquestions,youwillchoosetheonebestansweroffourpossibleanswers.Youhave20minutestoreadthepassageandanswerallofthequestions.2Reading1“LayersofSocialClass”Takentogether,income,occupation,andeducationaregoodmeasuresofpeople’ssocialstanding.Usingalayeredmodelofstratification,mostsociologistsdescribetheclasssystemintheUnitedStatesasdividedintoseveralclasses:upper,uppermiddle,lowermiddle,andlowerclass.Eachclassisdefinedbycharacteristicssuchasincome,occupationalprestige,andeducationalattainment.Thedifferentgroupsarearrayedalongacontinuumwiththosewiththemostmoney,education,andprestigeatthetopandthosewiththeleastatthebottom.IntheUnitedStates,theupperclassownsthemajorshareofcorporateandpersonalwealth;itincludesthosewhohaveheldwealthforgenerationsaswellasthosewhohaverecentlybecomerich.Onlyaverysmallproportionofpeopleactuallyconstitutetheupperclass,buttheycontrolvastamountsofwealthandpowerintheUnitedStates.Theyexerciseenormouscontrolthroughoutsociety.Mostoftheirwealthisinherited.→Despitesocialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuturewealthisthefamilyintowhichyouareborn.Eachyear,thebusinessmagazineForbespublishesalistofthe“Forbes400”–thefourhundredwealthiestfamiliesandindividualsinthecountry.OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,morethanhalfisinherited.Thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled“self-made”werenottypicallyofmodestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets(Forbes,1997;SklarandCollins,1997).Thoseintheupperclasswithnewlyacquiredwealthareknownasthenouveauriche.Althoughtheymayhavevastamountsofmoney,theyareoftennotacceptedinto“oldrich”circles.→Theuppermiddleclassincludesthosewithhighincomesandhighsocialprestige.Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.Theirearningscanbequitehighindeed-successfulbusinessexecutivescanearnmillionsofdollarsa3year.Itisdifficulttoestimateexactlyhowmanypeoplefallintothisgroupbecauseofthedifficultyofdrawinglinesbetweentheupper,uppermiddle,andmiddleclass.Indeed,theuppermiddleclassisoftenthoughtofas“middleclass”becausetheirlifestylesetsthestandardtowhichmanyaspire,butthislifestyleissimplybeyondthemeansofamajorityofpeopleintheUnitedStates.→Themiddleclassishardtodefine;inpart,being“middleclass”ismorethanjusteconomicposition.ByfarthemajorityofAmericansidentifythemselvesasmiddleclasseventhoughtheyvarywidelyinlifestyleandinresourcesattheirdisposal.ButtheideathattheUnitedStatesisanopen-classsystemleadsmanytothinkthatthemajorityhaveamiddle-classlifestylebecause,ingeneral,peopletennottowanttorecognizeclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates.Thus,themiddleclassbecomestheubiquitousnormeventhoughmanywhocallthemselvesmiddleclasshavetenuousholdonthisclassposition.Inthehierarchyofsocialclass,thelowermiddleclassincludeworkersintheskilledtradesandlow-incomebureaucraticworkers,manyofwhommayactuallydefinethemselvesasmiddleclass.Examplesareblue-collarworkers(thoseinskilledtradeswhodomanuallabor)andmanyserviceworkers,suchassecretaries,hairdressers,waitresses,police,andfirefighters.Mediumtolowincome,education,andoccupationalprestigedefinethelowermiddleclassrelativetotheclassgroupsaboveit.Theterm“lower”inthisclassdesignationreferstotherelativepositionofthegroupinthestratificationsystem,butithasapejorativesoundtomanypeople,especiallytopeoplewhoaremembersofthisclass.→Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarilyofthedisplacedandpoor.Peopleinthisclasshavelittleformaleducationandareoftenunemployedorworkinginminimum-wagejobs.[A]Fortypercentofthepoorwork;10percentworkyear-roundAndfulltime–aproportionthathasgenerallyincreasedovertime.Recently,theconceptoftheunderclasshasbeenaddedtothelowerclass.[B]Theunderclass4includesthosewhohavebeenleftbehindbycontemporaryeconomicdevelopments.[C]Rejectedfromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmaybecomedependentonpublicassistanceorillegalactivities.[D]1.ThewordthoseinthepassagereferstoA)characteristicsB)groupsC)classesD)continuum2.ThewordenormousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA)verylargeB)verynewC)veryearlyD)verygood3.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheinformationinthehighlightedstatementinthepassage?Theotherchoiceschangethemeaningorleaveoutimportantinformation.A)Althoughitisnotgenerallyaccepted,yourfamilyprovidesthebestpredictionofyourfuturewealth.B)Youcanachievegreatfuturewealthinspiteofthefamilyinwhichyoumayhavebeenborn.C)Itisnottruethatyourfamilywillrestricttheacquisitionofyourfuturewealthandlevelofsocialstatus.D)Socialmythsarecontrarytothefactsaboutthefuturewealthandsocialstatusofyourfamily.4.Whydoestheauthormentionthe“Forbes400”inparagraph3?A)ToexplainthemeaningofthelistingthatappearseveryyearB)TosupportthestatementthatmostwealthypeopleinherittheirmoneyC)TocastdoubtontheclaimthatfamilyincomepredictsindividualwealthD)Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulpeoplewhohavemodestfamilyconnections5Paragraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[→]5.Inparagraph4,theauthorstatesthatbusinessandprofessionalpeoplewitheducationaladvantagesaremostoftenmemberso