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PartⅦStativevs.DynamicGROUP11English:Staticvs.Chinese:Dynamic•1.Englishtendtobestative,characterizedbynominalization(名词化)(prepositionalphrases)andweakeningofverbs(intheformofadjectives,adverbs.....)•2.Chinesetendtobedynamic,markedwiththeprevailing(主要的)ofverbs.•StativeEnglish•1.Nominalization(名词化)•2.Agentivenouns(施事者)inplaceofverbs.•3.Preparation-Prominent(名词优势)•4.Verbs-weaken(动词弱化与虚化)•5.Ajectivesandadverbsinplaceofverbs(形容词、副词表达动词的意义)•6.Nounsinplaceofadjectivestoformheadlinephrase(标题式短语)1.NominalizationNominalizationreferstothereplacementofclauses,whichcontainfiniteverbs,withcomplexstructuresconsistingofnounsandnounadjuncts.名词化主要指用名词(短语)来表达原来属于动词(短语)所表达的信息,如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等。•这次比赛她赢了,因而备受鼓舞。•Shesucceedinthismatch,soshefeltencouraged.•Hersuccessinthismatchmadeherencouraged.•我们的儿子令我们失望。•Oursonhasdisappointedus.•Oursonhasbeenadisappointmenttous.2.TouseAgentiveNounsinplaceofVerbs用名词表示施事者,以代替动词他妹妹老是说谎。Hissisteralwayslies.Hissisterisagreatliar.我恐怕不能教你打网球,我想杰克比我教得好。IamafraidIcan'tteachyouplayingtennis.IthinkJackisabetterteacherthanI.•3Preparation-prominent(名词优势造成介词优势)•(1)Preparationphrasesinplaceofverbphrases•英语常用介词短语代替动词短语,即“以静代动”•(2)noun+preparation•名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。(1)Preparationphrasesinplaceofverbphrases他们立刻出动去追击敌人。Theyimmediatelysetoutinpursuitoftheenemy.(Theyimmediatelysetouttopursuetheenemy.)有人给他撑腰。Hehassomeonebehindhim.(Someonesupportshim.)他在读书。Heisathisbooks.(Heisreadingbooks.)(2)名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。•giveriseto(arouse)•makecontactwith(meet)•arriveatadecision(decide)•bringtoaconclusion(finish)•undertakeastudyof(study)•takeintoconsideration(consider)•affordanopportunityto(allow)•carryoutexperiments(experiment)•conductaninvestigationinto(investigate)•ofakindlynature(kind)•ofanunusualcharacter(unusual)•beyondtheshadowofadoubt(certain)•duetothefactthat(because)•ontwoseparateoccasions(twice)•inviewoftheforegoingcircumstances(therefore)4.Verb-weaken动词的弱化与虚化(1)英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词-----tobe,其各种形式包括mustbe,maybe,shouldhavebeen都缺乏动态感,由it或there与be构成的句式,其静态意味更加明显:•山脚有一栋大别墅。•Thereisabigvillaatthefootofthehill.•Abigvillalocatesatthefootofthehill.(2)英语还常把动词转化或派生成名词,置于虚化动词(have,make,take,do)之后做其宾语,如havealook,takeawalk,makeattempts,payvisits,dosomedamages,putupaproposal等。这类动词短语显得虚弱而平淡无味。如:他和老板吵架之后就辞职了。Afterhehadaquarrelwithhisboss,hequit.Afterhequarreledwithhisboss,hequit.•5.AjectivesandAdverbsinplaceofVerbs•(1)英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义。•她在睡觉。•Sheisasleep.(Sheissleeping.)•他怀疑我的动机。•Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.•Hesuspectsmyintentions.•(2)英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。•我明天早上动身。•I'mofftomorrowmorning.•就经济力量而言,印度落后很远。•Intermsofecnomicsthrength,Indiaisfarbehind.6.Nounsinplaceofadjectivestoformheadlinephrase(标题式短语)•报刊、新闻标题•科技英语•黄金储备goldreserve•代沟generationgapDynamicChinese•1.动词连用是汉语常见现象•2.动词(词组)可充当汉语句子的各种成分•3.汉语动词常常重复或重叠•1.动词连用是汉语常见现象•连动式、兼语式、把字式、被动式•1)Hethoughthiswayoutofthedilemma.•他想办法摆脱了困境(连动式)•2)Weaskedhertosing.•我们请他唱歌(兼语式)•3)Gototheclassroomandcallhimback•你去教室把他叫回来(把字式)•4)Iwascalledtotheofficebytheteachertomakeaself-criticism•我被老师叫到办公室去做检讨(被字式)•2.动词(词组)可充当汉语句子的各种成分•2.1可充当助动词,置于主要动词的前后,形成动词连用。•他来借书•他借书来了•他来借书来了•He'scometoborrowbooks•2.2汉语动词可充当介词•葵花朵朵向太阳•Sunflowersturntowardsthesun•向自然开战•towageabattleagainstnature•人们来来往往•Peoplearecomingandgoing•他往东走去•Hewentinaneastwarddirection•2.3汉语动词常常重复或重叠•1)我等着要上路,越等越不耐烦,哪里是等一会儿,一等就是老半天。•Iwaitedwithgrowingimpatiencetogetonmyway,notforoneminutebutforquiteaconsiderabletime.•2)要吃有吃,要穿有穿。•Youwillhaveenoughtoeatandenoughtowear.•3)来的来,去的去。•Somecome,andothersleave.•4)学问,学问,要学要问,边学边问,才有学问。•Acquistionofknowledgeentailslearningandseekingforexplanation••汉语许多日常用语和文章标题,常用富于动态的动词,如果译成英语,常常要转换为富于静态的名词、形容词或副词,这样才比较有“洋味”。•1)走开!•Stayaway!•2)别管我!•Leavemealone!•3)他吃素,不吃荤•Heisavegetarian
本文标题:英汉语言对比静态与动态
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