Speech-Act-Theory-言语行为理论

SpeechActTheoryKERISIntroductionSpeechacttheoryisamajortheoryofbothlanguagephilosophyandpragmatics.ItwasoriginallyputforwardbyordinarylanguagephilosophyJohnL.AustinandJohnR.Searleintheearlyfiftiesofthelastcentury.Theessenceofthistheorymainlyconcernsthatlanguageisoftenusedto“dothings”,toperformactsandtoemphasizereallanguageusageinactualsituation.Itchallengesthe“truth-value”statementandopensanewareaoflinguistics--pragmatics.Thistheoryexplainsthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Thecoreofthecommunicationistodealwithlanguage,thingsandaction.CONSTATIVESVSPERFORMATIVESConstativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andtheyhavethepropertyofbeingeithertrueorfalse.Performatives,bycontrast,havenotruth-value;theyareusedtodosomething.CONSTATIVEUTTERANCE（言有所述）Theearthisround./Wearehavingclass.PERFORMATIVEUTTERANCE（言有所为）Ipromisetogiveyoutendollars.FELICITYCONDITIONSA.(i)Theremustbeaconventionalprocedurehavingaconventionaleffect.(ii)Thecircumstancesandpersonsmustbeappropriate,asspecifiedintheprocedure.B.Theproceduremusebeexecuted(i)correctlyand(ii)completely.C.(i)Thepersonsmusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,asspecifiedintheprocedure,and(ii)ifconsequentconductisspecified,therelevantpartiesmustsodo.ExplicitperformativesVSImplicitperformativesFirstpersonsubject,simplepresenttense,indicativemood,activevoice,performativeverbsIpromiseIwillattendyourwedding.IpromiseI’llbethere.IadmitIwasfoolish.withoutperformativeverbsIwillattendyourwedding.Howaboutsometea?Sitdown.Aperformativeverbisaverbthatexplicitlyconveysthekindofspeechactbeingperformed—suchaspromise,invite,apologize,predict,vow,request,warn,insist,andforbid.COLLAPSEOFTHEDICHOTOMYProblems:Containingaperformativeverbdoesnotnecessarilymaketheutteranceitselfperformative.IpromisedtoherthatIwouldhelpher.Everyactofsayingisdoing.--Directspeechact--IndirectspeechactWillyougoornot?/I’maskingyouifyouwillgoornot.He’sdishonest./I’mtellingyouthatheisdishonest.AnutterancewithaperformativeverbmaynotbethetypeofactsuggestedbytheverbAkidnapper:Iadviseyoutogivemeallinyourpocket.REFORMULATIONOFSPEECHACTTHEORYLocutionaryact（以言指事）:theactofverballysayingsomething.Illocutionaryact（以言行事）:theintendedactbehindsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact（以言成事）:theintendedeffect/happeningofanillocutionaryact.Utteranceacts,propositionalacts,Illocutionaryacts,PerlocutionaryactsClassifyingillocutionaryactsAustin:verdictives裁决类exercitives行使职权类commisives承诺类expositives阐述类behavitives表态行为类Searle:representatives阐述类directives指令类commisives承诺类expressives表达类declarations宣告类DirectspeechactVSIndirectspeechactIfthereisadirectmatchbetweenasentencetypeandanillocutionaryforce,wehaveadirectspeechact.IpromiseIwillattendyourwedding.Iorderyoutolistentothenews.IadmitIwasfoolish.Ifthereisnodirectrelationshipbetweenasentencetypeandanillocutionaryforce.wearefacedwithanindirectspeechact.Canyoupassthesalt?Canyouturnoffthelight?NeglectofContextSpeechacttheoryemphasizesthewords'meaninginconversation,butitneglectsthesocialandculturalbackgroundsA:Itishothere?B:OK,Iwillturnonthefan.A:XiaoWangisnotanhonestman.B:Itishothere.M:Doyouhavesupper?N:Yes,Howaboutyou?ProblemsofIndirectSpeechActIndirectspeechactemphasizesthehearer,whereastheillocutionaryactpaysmoreattentiontothespeaker.However,theyhavemanyoverlappingmeanings.Forexample:A:Doyouknowthemeaningofthesewords?B:Don'tyouhaveadictionary?B'sresponseisanindirectspeechact.TheillocutionarymeaningofBisthatAshouldconsultthedictionaryhimself.Sincetheindirectspeechactandillocutionaryacthavethesamemeaningandfunctions.