高中阅读理解主旨大意题方法

Giveamanafishandyoufeedhimforaday.Teachamantofishandyoufeedhimforalifetime.高考阅读理解专题主旨大意高三英语备课组Brainstorm:Howdoyousolvethequestionsconcernedwithmainidea?Questionairesdonebeforeclass•Question1:Whatdoyouthinkofquestionsconcernedwithmainidea?Easy?Normal?Ordifficult?•Question2:Whatarethefactorsthattroubleyouinquestionsconcernedwithmainidea?•easynormaldifficult阅读理解主旨大意题的考情分析2017考试大纲的考核目标与要求：阅读理解部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能理解主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义、根据所读内容作出判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。该题型在历年高考全国卷中分布情况2014(I)2014(II)2015(I)2015(II)2016(I)2016(II)2016(III)题数0101112题号24题28题35题32题31题35题考查内容标题标题标题标题作者意图、标题总分值22224主旨大意题设问方式1)主题类Themainideaofthepassageis…Thepassageismainlyabout…Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2)目的类Thepassageismeant/intendedto…Thepurposeofthisarticleisto…3)标题类Thebesttitleofthepassageis…Onlywithsomeeffectiveskillscanyoucatchthisfish.Strategyone定位主题句利用主题句，快速把握段落、文章大意，是做好主旨大意题的重要技巧。(2016年四川卷D）Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.Sample11、文首——开门见山，点出主题。语篇结构为：点出主题——围绕主题展开陈述、论证或说明Sample2（2016年江苏卷B）Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways.,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren.Whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.。。。。。。Thecureofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tinwhatTomasellocallswhat.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.（2）文尾——详细论证，总结陈词。语篇结构为：表述细节——概括主题归纳要点、得出结论、提出建议）Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）段中——引题过渡，导出主题。语篇结构为:“引题——主题思想——解释”或“提问——-回答——解释”。Sample3__________________________________________________________________(2016年江苏卷D)Notsolongago,mostpeopledidn’tknowwhoShellyAnnFrancisPrycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete.......Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearlateratJamaica’sOlympicgamesinearly2008,ShellyAnn,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica’sunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).......AsMuhammadAliputsit,“Championsaren'tmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsomethingtheyhavedeepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision.”OneofthethingsShelly-Anncanbeproudofisherunderstandingofthistruth.Sample44）首尾——首尾呼应，烘托主题语篇结构为:提出主题——展开论述或说明——进一步引申或发展主题Topicsentence¶graphotherinfo.otherinfo.Topicsentence¶graphTopicsentence¶graphotherinfo.info&exampleTopicsentence¶graphTopicsentence¶graphexample&otherinfo主题句的位置1、段(文)首——开门见山，点出主题；2、段(文)尾——详细论证，总结陈词；3、段(文)中——引题过渡，导出主题;4、段(文)首尾—首尾呼应，烘托主题；Strategythree提炼标题以该主题句中的“话题”为核心，把解释性的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组或短句。Sample某一文章的主题句为：Anadvertisingsloganistoabrandwhateyesaretoaperson.该主题句的话题是：解释性的词：由此拟定标题为：sloganistoabrandwhateyesaretoapersonSloganAndBrand.Coffeeisauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.●Thebesttitleforthepassageshouldbe____.A.WaysofmakingcoffeeB.CoffeearoundtheworldC.AdviceonbuyingcoffeeD.Benefitsofdrinkingcoffee解题分析：该主题句的话题是：解释性的词：标题：【Practice1】Thetopicsentenceofapassage：isauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.CoffeeStrategyfour归纳主题根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。•First,getthemainideaofeachparagraph.•Second,summarizethemainideainourownwords,accordingtothestructureofthepassage.•Third,compareitwiththechoicestoseewhichoneisthebest.(2016年天津卷）Failureisprobablythemostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannotsucceeding.Weexperiencethistirednessintwoways:asstart-upfatigue(疲惫)andperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseithaseithertooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwedelayit,themoretiredwefeel.Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.......Humanbeings,Ibelievemusttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.有些文章无明确的主题句.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实细节来概括总结主旨大意。注意：1.不能以偏概全.2.不能过于宽泛，要恰如其分。3.注意多次出现的高频词或主题词detailsParagraphideasPassageidea干扰项的特点1.画蛇添足:即文中根本没有提到，把自己的观点强加给作者以充当主题，或在文中找不到语言依据的信息。2.帽子太大:即选择的主题过于笼统，与细节脱节或文章缺乏充分的论证。3.以偏概全:即只抓住了主题的一个侧面或一句没有展开论述的句子而误认为是主题。正确选项的特点：不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词;概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,贴切准确。Strategyfive排除干扰Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingca