概要写作-1-说明文

1概要写作（SummaryWriting）一、概要写作的定义（DefinitionofSummary）Asummaryisabriefstatementofthemainpointofalongercomposition,whichreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithnomorethan60words.二、写作指导概要写作，是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题，主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍；阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B．划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了；对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。C．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。第二步：动手写作A.概要写作应尽量用自己的话完成，不要直接引用原文的句子；B.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序，这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实；C.要全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意；D.写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1)删除细节，只保留主要观点；2)选择一至两个例子：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子；3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子：如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4)避免重复：在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明，但是这在概要写作中是不能使用的；应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5)压缩长句：如下列两例：“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为：________________________________________________________________“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”2可以概括为：________________________________________________________________6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句：请看下面的例子：“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为：_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为：________________________________________________________________8）使用最短的连接词:比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在概要写作中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:“Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguises（掩饰）thetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtle（微妙的）thansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”可以用第三人称概括为：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，。经过上述步骤和方法，一篇概要写作就可以完成了。三、说明文概要写作要点点拨说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：1.现象分析类：介绍某现象及其成因、结果，即“现象+成因+结果”Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)（inthepassage）thewriterintroduces…tous,especiallyits….,fromwhichweknow…2.利弊对比类：描写某事物的性质功能，即“对象+性质功能+利弊”（inthepassage）thewriterintroduces…tous,especiallyits…,fromwhichweknow…Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…ThepassageshowsthatAandBaresimilarinthat….However,A…whileB….Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…3.研究报告类：针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施,即“问题+解决方法”Asisreportedinthestudy,….Thepassagetellsus….Sotheauthortellsushowto...,including……Thestudyreveals/shows/indicates/suggeststhat…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…在写作前，我们要通读短文，确定其内容是属于那种类型，然后选择确当的模板。注意：不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点，尽量少使用原文语句，多用自己的概括性的语言；不要超出60个单词。4课堂训练：Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial,whichoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink（发出恶臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved