素食主义英文版

VegetarianismABriefOverviewObjectives•Definevegetarianismandassociatedterms•Describebenefitsofvegetariandiet•DiscussnutrientsofconcerninvegetariandietsVegetarian•Ageneraltermusedtodescribepeoplewhoexcludemeat,poultry,fish,orotheranimal-derivedfoodsfromtheirdiets.•Vegetariansexhibitawidediversityofdietarypractices.HistoryofVegetarian•“Vegetarian”wascoinedin1847byVegetarianSocietyofUnitedKingdom.•Theword“vegetarian”wasderivedfromtheLatinword“vegetari”whichmeansenliven.•Vegetarianismdatestoancienthistorywherephilosophersandreligiousgurusaskedfollowerstoavoidafleshdiettoacknowledgethesacrednessoflife.•Ecology–animalproteinsrequiremoreland,energy,andwater–Enoughgrain/soybeantofeed1.3billion–2500galofwater/#vs.25gal/#ofwheat•Economics–plantfoodslessexpensive•Ethics–killing/confinementofanimals•ReligiousBeliefsp.378Willdiscussonlynutrition.TypesofVegetarians•Loacto-ovo:vegetarianswhoconsumeeggs,milk,andmilkproducts•Pesco:vegetarianswhoeatfish•Vegans:vegetarianswhorelyexclusivelyonplantfoodsp.378OtherDefinitions•Omnivores:peoplewhohavenoformalrestrictionontheeatingofanyfoods•Macrobioticdiet:extremelyrestrictivedietlimitedtoafewgrains(brownrice,misosoup)andvegetablesbasedonmetaphysicalbeliefsMoreDefinitions•Meatreplacements:productsmadetolookandtastelikemeat,fish,poultry•Texturedvegetableprotein:processedsoybeansusedtomakesoyburgers,etc•Tempeh:afermentedsoybeanfood•Tofu:acurdmadefromsoybean;usedinAsian&vegetariandishesBenefitsofVegetarianism•Obesity•Hypertension•HeartDisease•Cancer•Diabetes•Osteoporosis•DiverticularDisease•Gallstones•RheumatoidArthritisSabate,ForumofNutrition,56:218;2003Winston,NutritioninClinicalPractice,25:613;2010BenefitsofVegetarianism•Obesity–Vegetariansmaintainlower,healthierbodyweightthannon-vegetarians–LowerweightcorrelateswithhighintakesoffiberandlowintakesoffatAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition,81:1267;2005•Hypertension–Vegetarianshavelowerbloodpressureandlowerratesofhypertension–OtherfactorsimpacthypertensionNutritionReviews,63:1;2005BenefitsofVegetarianism•HeartDisease–Incidenceofheartdiseasemuchlower–Higherintakesoffiber,antioxidants,vitamins,phytochemicals,andfatsPublicHealthNutrition,87:871;2004•Cancer–Significantlylowerratesofcancer–RatioofvegetablestomeatmaybemostrelevantdietaryfactorinpreventionForumofNutrition,59:130;2006OtherPossibleBenefits•Vegetarianismmayhelpinthepreventionofthefollowing:•Diabetes•Osteoporosis•DiverticularDisease•Gallstones•RheumatoidArthritisLeitzmann,ForumofNutrition,57:147;2005NutritionConcerns•VitaminB12•Omega-3FattyAcids•VitaminD•Calcium•Iron•Zinc•ProteinNutritionConcerns•VitaminB12–Foundonlyinanimal-derivedfoods–Needfortifiedsources(soymilk,cereal)–Smallamountintempehbutinactiveform–Smallamountinseaweeds(nori,chlorella)butpossibleiodinetoxicity•Omega-3FattyAcids–Foundinfattyfish–Needflaxseed,walnutsNutritionConcerns•VitaminD–Needfortifiedfoodsifinadequateexposuretosunlight–Importantforinfants,children,elderly•Calcium–Lacto-ovovegetarianssimilartoomnivores–Vegansneedfortifiedjuices,soymilk,andbreakfastcereals–ImportantforchildrenNutritionConcerns•Iron–RDAforironhigherforvegetariansbecauseplantiron(non-hemeiron)isnotaswellabsorbed–Bodyadjuststoabsorbmoreplantiron–Nomoreirondeficiencythanomnivores?•Zinc–Plantzincnotwellabsorbed–SoyinterfereswithabsorptionNutritionConcerns•Protein–Vegetariandietsarelowinhighqualityproteins(thosecontainingalloftheessentialaminoacids)–Usefortifiedmeatreplacementsandtexturedvegetableproteins–UsecomplementaryproteinsComplementaryProteins•Definition:Thecombinationofplantproteinfoodswhichwheneatentogetherprovidealltheessentialaminoacids.VegetarianDietPlanning•Themorerestrictedthevegetariandietisthegreaterthechallengeistoachieveanutritionallyadequatediet.•Thegoalforthevegetarianindietplanningisthesameastheomnivore:consumeavarietyoffoodstoobtainalloftheneedednutrients.•Usethesamedietplanningprinciples.UseaVegetarianPyramidVisitVegetarianResourceGroup•Vegetariansdescribedbywhatisomittedfromthediet.•Widediversityofdietarypractices.•Severalbenefitstovegetarianism.•Somenutrientconcerns.•Adequatedietaryintakerequiresdietplanning.•Samedietplanningprinciplesasomnivoresused.VegetarianismTHEEND!