韩礼德的系统功能语法

HallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammarContentsBriefIntroductionTheDevelopmentofSFGSystemic-FunctionalGrammarComparisonbetweenTGGandSFGReferencesBriefIntroduction1.1HallidayFullname:MichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHalliday(born13,April1925,Leeds,Yorkshire,England)gotBAinChineselanguageandliteratureatLondonUnversityin1947.From1947to1949,studiedatPekingUniversityunderthesupervisionofLuoChangpei(罗常培).From1949to1950,studiedatLingnanUniversityinGuangzhou,tutoredbyWangLi(王力).ThenhecamebacktoLondonandgothisPh.DdegreeunderthesurpervisionofFirth.In1955,doctoraldissertation“thelanguageofChineseSerectHistoryoftheMongols”(元朝秘史),writteninanorthernChinesedialectinthe14thcentury.TaughtlinguisticsatanumberofuniversitiesinBritainandAmerica.(LondonUniversity&StandfordUniversity&TheUniversityofExeter)In1975,movedtoAustraliaandfoundedtheDepartmentofLinguisticsatUniversityofSydney,workingtheretillhisretirementin1988.HallidayhasdevelopedideasstemmingfromFirth’sTheoriesintheLondonSchool.HeisprobablythemostimportantrepresentativeoftheSystemic-FunctionalSchool.HisSystemic-FunctionalGrammarhashadgreateffectonvariousdisciplinesrelatedtolanguage,suchaslanguageteaching,sociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,stylistics,andmachinetranslation.HisContributions1.2TheComponentsofSystemic-FunctionalGrammarSystemic-FunctionalGrammarSystemicGrammarFunctionalGrammarItaimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential.Itaimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction,basedontheassumptionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakesitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusesorfunctionswhichtheyserve.1.3TheBasisofSystemic-FunctionalGrammarLanguageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction;Languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Thus,ittakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy,inoppositiontoChomsky’sTGGrammarwhichtakestheidealspeaker’slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.TheDevelopmentofSFG2.1TheInitialStage:1950-1960(初期)2.2TheStageofScaleandCategoryGrammar:19602.3TheStageofEstablishment:1970-1980（中期）2.4TheStageofInnovationandDevelopment:1980-至今Systemic-FunctionalGrammar3.1SystemicGrammarThecentralcomponentofasystemicgrammarisachartofthefullsetofchoicesavailableinconstructingasentence,withaspecificationoftherelationshipsbetweenchoices.Examplesare:EntryConditionsOptionsEntryConditionsOptionsNumberpluralsingularthirdsecondfirstpersonDiscussion1.Therearealsosystemsofgender,tenseandsoon.Canyouwritedowntheirchoiceslikenumberandperson？2.Discusswithyourpartneraboutthesesystemsandgeneralizeessentialcharacteristicsofallsystems.3.Canyoujudgethesystemisrightorwrong?Why?declarativeMoodinterrogativethirdpersonInsystemicGrammar,thenotionofsystemismadeacentralexplanatoryprinciple,thewholeoflanguagebeingconceivedasa“systemofsystems”.SystemicGrammarisconcernedwithestablishinganetworkofsystemsofrelationships,whichaccountsforallthesemanticallyrelevantchoicesinthelanguageasawhole.Onaverygenerallevel,thereistheAxisofChoiceandtheAxisofChain:AxisofChoiceAxisofChainExplanations:(1)Theaxisofchaindealswiththesurfaceaspectsofgrammar,suchassentencestructures,linguisticunits,andtheirranks(sentence,clause,group,word,andmorpheme).(2)Theaxisofchoicedealswiththemeaningaspectsofgrammar,suchassystemanddelicacy.InEnglish,wemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocesses,participants,andcircumstances.Theyareknowncollectivelyasthetransitivitychoices.Wefirstdividethechoicesintosixkinds:materialprocess(Johnkickedtheball.)behaviouralprocess(Johnlaughed.)mentalprocess(JohnlikesMary.)verbalprocess(Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom.)relationalprocess(Johnisonthesofa.)existentialprocess(Thereisacatonthesofa.)TransitivityTransitivityIlikeit.Thetrainleftfiveminutesago.Johnkickedtheball.Transitivitymaterialprocessmentalprocessverbalprocessbehaviouralprocess...ActionprocessEventprocessInternalisedprocessSuperventionprocessIntentionprocessExternalisedprocessCognitionprocessReactionprocessPerceptionprocessItpuzzledeverybody.Wecanarrangesystemsonascaleaccordingtothefinenessofthedistinction.Thisscaleiscalledscaleofdelicacy.ThedelicacyoftransitivityWhenmeaningsareexpressed,peopleareintentionallymakingchoicesinthesystemnetwork.Onthisbasis,choiceismeaning.Hallidaybelievesthattherearerealisationrelationshipsbetweenvariouslevels.iscodedbyisrealizedbywhichiscodedbyThechoiceofmeaning(onthesemanticlevel)isrealisedbythechoiceoftheform(ontheleveloflexico-grammar);thechoiceoftheformisrealisedbythechoiceofsubstanceonthephonologicallevel.MeaningWordingSemanticsLexicogrammar(syntax)Sound(orWriting)Phonology3.2FunctionalGrammarHallidaybelievesthatlanguageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainfunctions.Inotherwords,socialdemandonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.Heinterpretslanguagedevelopmentfromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctionaltheoryoflanguage.ThreeMetafunctionsTheIdeationalFunctionTheInterpersonalFunctionTheTextualFunction3.2.1TheIdeationalFunction(1)Itistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknown