Avoiding-Plagiarism解读

Week11:AvoidingPlagiarismWhatisplagiarism•Plagiarism(fromaLatinwordfor“kidnapper”)isusingothers’ideasandwordsasyourownwithoutclearlyacknowledgingthesourceofthatinformation.TypesofPlagiarism•Deliberateplagiarism:intentional•Accidentalplagiarism:unintentionalDeliberateplagiarism•Hiringsomeonetowriteapaperforyou;•Copyingordownloadinglargesectionsoftextfromasourcewithoutquotationmarksorpropercitation.•Buying,stealing,orborrowingapaper(including,ofcourse,copyinganentirepaperorarticlefromtheWeb);•SummarizingorparaphrasingAccidentalplagiarism•Usingthewordsofasourcetoocloselywhenparaphrasing(wherequotationmarksshouldhavebeenused)•Buildingonsomeone'sideaswithoutcitingtheirspokenorwrittenwork.Knowingwhatyouneednotacknowledge–standardinformation–factsavailableinmanysources–folkliterature–Commonsenseobservations–YourindependentmaterialsKnowingwhatyoumustacknowledge•anotherperson’sidea,opinion,ortheory;•anyfacts,statistics,graphs,drawings—anypiecesofinformation—thatarenotcommonknowledge;•quotationsofanotherperson’sactualspokenorwrittenwords;•paraphraseofanotherperson’sspokenorwrittenwords.Factsthatneedtobeacknowledged•By1745therewereapproximately45,000Germanspeakersinthecolonies,andby1790thereweresome200,000,ninepercentofthepopulation(Anderson80).Kindlyreminder•Whenyouareindoubtwhetherafactiscommonknowledge,playitsafe,andciteyoursource.Knowingwhattodowiththesources•Summarizing•Paraphrasing•QuotingSummarizing•Summarizingistogivereadersbasicinformationabouttheworkyouarediscussing.Do’sanddon’tsinsummarizing•DOselectonlythemainpoints;•DOreadandunderstandtheoriginalsource;•DOuseyourownwordsatalltimes;•DONOTaddyourcommentaryorinterpretation;•DONOThavetheoriginalsourceinfrontyouasyouwriteyoursummary.Paraphrasing•Paraphrasingistousesomeone’sideas,buttoputtheminyourownwords.Do’sanddon’tsinparaphrasing•DOthoroughlyunderstandandabsorbyoursourcematerial;•DOuseyourownsentencestructureaswellasyourownideas;•DOcitetheauthorasthesourceandprovidefulldocumentation；•DOcheckyourparaphraseagainsttheoriginaltext；•DONOTsubstitutesynonymsforsomeormostofthewordsinanauthor’spassage.Quoting•Quotingistoplacethepassageyouareusinginquotationmarks,anddocumentthesourceaccordingtoastandarddocumentationstyle.Whenandhowtoquote•Quoteextensivelywhenyouareanalyzingprimarysources,suchasliteraryworksandhistoricaldocuments.•Quoteselectivelywhenyouaredrawingonsecondarysources.Quoteaccurately•Copythematerialcarefully.•Proofreadeverydirectquotation.•Usequotationmarksaroundthequotation.•Usebracketstoaddwordsortochangethecapitalization.•Useellipsistoomit•Citethesourceofthequotation.Kindlyreminder•Howeveryouusethesource,makesureyouconveytheideasoftheoriginalauthoraccurately.DistinguishingUnacceptableandAcceptableParaphrases•Unacceptable:–Copiedwordsandsentencestructure–Changedsentencestructurebutcopiedwords–ChangedwordsbutcopiedsentencestructureSample:AcceptableorUnacceptable•Original:“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.”---JessicaMitford,KindandUsualPunishment,P.9“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.”•Butthecharacterofprisonofficials(thekeepers)ismoreimportantinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterofprisoners(thekept).Plagiarism:copiedwordsandsentencestructureAcceptable:Accordingtoonecriticofthepenalsystem,“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthatthecharacterandmentalityofthekept”(Mitford9).“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.”•Accordingtoonecriticofthepenalsystem,thepsychologyofthekeptmaysaylessaboutprisonsthanthepsychologyofthekeepers(Mitford9).Plagiarism:ChangedsentencesstructurebutcopiedwordsAcceptable:Accordingtoonecriticofthepenalsystem,thepsychologyof“thekept”maysaylessaboutprisonsthanthepsychologyof“thekeepers”(Mitford9).“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.”•Inunderstandingprisons,wemayfocuslessonthecharacterandmentalityofthekeptthanonthoseofthekeepers.Plagiarism:changedsentencestructurebutcopiedwordsAcceptable:Mitfordholdsthatwemayabletolearnlessaboutprisonsfromthepsychologyofprisonersthanfromthepsychologyofprisonofficials(9).“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.”•Inunderstandingprisons,wemayfocuslessonthecharacterandmentalityofthekeptthanonthoseofthekeepers.Plagiarism:changedsentencestrucuturebutcopiedwordsAcceptable:Wemayunderstandprisonsbetterifwefocusonthepersonalitiesandattitudesoftheprisonworkersratherthanthoseoftheinmates(Mitford9).“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.”•Onecriticofthepenalsystemmaintainsthatthepsychologyofprisonofficialsmaybemoreinformativeaboutprisonsthanthepsychologyofprisoners(Mitford9).Plagiarism:changedwords