中外艺术史英文版名词解释

VocabularyofChineseTraditionalArt:XuanPaperNameofakindofricepapermadeinChina.ItwasfirstproducedinXuanzhou(nowtheJingCountyofEastChina's,AnhuiProvince),hencethenameofXuanpaper.ThebarkofPteroceltistatarinowiiandstrawarethemainrawmaterialsforproducingXuanpaper.Aftermaceration,thefibersaretreatedwithlime,exposedtosunlight,bleached,andwashedwithstarch.Prizedxuanpapersarecastbyhand.Theyarefine,soft,resistanttoinsectdamage,andtheirpurewhitecolorlastslongtoretardabsorptionoftheink,theymaybetreatedwithalum.Wherenototherwiseindicated,theChinesepapersusedforprintsandpaintingsintheexhibitionareonavarietyofxuanpaper.BambooSlipTabletsorslipsmadefrombamboo(orwood)forwritinginancientChina.It’scalledslipifit’smadefrombamboo,andcalledtabletifit’smadefromwood.Slitusedtobethegeneralname,butnowit’softencalledbambooslip.ThewritingtoolsofbambooslipwereChinesebrushandink,andonlyonelineoftextcanbehandwrittenoneachslip.Anarticleoftenincludedmanyslips.Uponthefinish,theslipswereboundbystringsandrolledupforstorage.TheserollsweretheearliestformofChinesebooks.Woodentabletwasoftenusedforshortessays.BambooslipwasinventedinWesternZhou,andwaswidelyacceptedduringSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringPeriod.Around4thcentury,withthepopularizationofpaper,thestatusofbambooslipswaseventuallyreplaced.DuFu(712~770)DuFuwasaprominentChinesepoetoftheTangDynasty.HiscourtesynamewasZiMei,andhecalledhimself“ShaoLingcountrysideaged”,“DuShaoLing”,“DuGongBu”,etc.DuFu’sowngreatestambitionwastohelphiscountrybybecomingasuccessfulcivilservant,butheprovedunabletomakethenecessaryaccommodations.Heonlyservedinsomelow-levelposition,suchasthemilitaryadviserinaregionalgovernor'sheadquartersandconcurrentlyassistantsecretaryintheBoardofWorks(GongBu).Hislife,likethewholecountry,wasdevastatedbytheAnLushanRebellionof755,andthelast15yearsofhislifewereatimeofalmostconstantunrest.Initiallylittleknown,hisworkscametobehugelyinfluentialinbothChineseandJapaneseculture.Ofhispoeticwriting,nearlyfifteenhundredpoemswrittenbyDuFuhavebeenhandeddownovertheages,mostofwhichexpressedasincereandbroadconcernforhumanity.Healsopossessesaremarkablepowerofdescription,withwhichhevividlypresentshumanaffairsandnaturalscenery.ThustheafterworldgavehimthenameofPoet-HistorianandthePoet-Sage.EmperorHuizongofSong(1082~1135)EmperorofNorthernSongDynasty.Painter.Calligrapher.TheeleventhsonoftheEmperorShenzongofSong.ThebrotheroftheEmperorZhezongofSong.AfterthedeathofZhezong,Huizong’smothermadehimtheeighthemperorofSongDynasty(r.1100~1125).Duringhisreign,Huizongdevotedhimselfintoartmorethanintogoverningtheempire.Hewasanaccomplishedpainter,calligrapherandartsupporter.WhenJinDynastydeclaredwaronSongin1126,Huizonglostitandhadtoescape.In1127,Huizong,hissonEmperorQinzong,aswellastheentireimperialcourtandharemwerecapturedbytheJinintheJingkangIncident.Nineyearslaterhediedincaptivityattheageof54.Histombis35milesawayfromShaoxingcountyinZhejiangprovince.CuiBai(11thcenturyc.)ChinesepainterintheNorthernSongdynasty.CuiBaiwasactiveduringthereignoftheEmperorShenzongofSong.AppreciatedbyShenzong,hebecameaYixue(艺学,atitleintheImperialArtAcademy,lowerthanpainter-in-attendance)andlaterpanter-in-attendanceintheImperialArtAcademy.CuiBaiwasgoodatflower-and-birdpainting,aswellasBuddhismmuralpainting.HebrokethecourttraditioncreatedbyHuangQuanandhissonintheearlyperiodofSongdynasty,whohadfoundedthestandardtopaintflowerandbirdinaluxuaryway,andoriginatedanewstyleintheImperialArtAcademy.Hisworksinclude“ShuangxiTu”(《双喜图》,DoubleHappiness),“HanqueTu”(《寒雀图》,SparrowinColdDays),and“Zhu’ouTu”(《竹鸥图》,BambooandGull),etc.FanKuan(early11thcenturyc.)FanKuanisknowntobeoneoftheleadingfiguresintheNorthernSongLandscapetraditionandoneofthemostappreciatedlandscapeartistsintraditionalChina.AccordingtoChinesearthistory,hewasbornattheendofFiveDynasties,andstillaliveduringTianrenyearsofthereignofEmperorRenzongofSong(1023~1031).HiscourtesynameisZhongli,butbecauseofhisnatureoflenienceandmagnanimous,peopleofhistimecalledhim“Kuan”,whichmeanswide.Thenhenamedhimself“Kuan”too.IntherecordofXuanheHuaPu(《宣和画谱》,“XuanhePaintingList,acataloguemadeofEmperorHuizong’scollection,compiledbycourtconnoisseursduringhisreigninSongdynasty),FanKuan’scharacteristicswasalsomentioned.TheListsaidFan“hadastyleofancienttimes;behavedwild;lovedalcohol;andneverrestrainedbyconventionorpropriety”.FanKuancreatedimaginarylandscapesthatweredifferentanduniquewhilepreservingtheinternalorderandidealbalanceofnature.MaYuan(1140~1225)OneofFourMastersinSouthernSongDynasty,courtesynameYaofu,andpseudonymQinshan,MaYuanwasborninHezhong(today’sYongjicountyinShanxiprovince),andmovedtoQiantang(today’sHangzhouinZhejiangprovince).Herepresentedthefourthgenerationinatraditionofpaintersspanningfivegenerations,beginningwithhisgreat-grandfather,MaFen,andendingwithhisson,MaLin,allofwhomservedtheSungemperorsascourtpainters-in-attendance.AlthoughthefamilytraditiondoubtlesshadstronginfluenceonMaYuan'sdevelopmentasapainter,hewasalsoindebtedtothegreatnorthernlandscapeandfiguremasterLiTang.MaYuan'sartatitsbestisamasterpieceofunderstatem