工程造价外文及翻译

第1页共12页TheCostofBuildingStructure1.IntroductionTheartofarchitecturaldesignwascharacterizedasoneofdealingcomprehensivelywithacomplexsetofphysicalandnonphysicaldesigndeterminants.Structuralconsiderationswerecastasimportantphysicaldeterminantsthatshouldbedealtwithinahierarchicalfashioniftheyaretohaveasignificantimpactonspatialorganizationandenvironmentalcontroldesignthinking.Theeconomicalaspectofbuildingrepresentsanonphysicalstructuralconsiderationthat,infinalanalysis,mustalsobeconsideredimportant.Costconsiderationsareincertainwaysaconstrainttocreativedesign.Butthisneednotbeso.Ifsomethingisknownoftherelationshipbetweenstructuralandconstructivedesignoptionsandtheircostofimplementation,itisreasonabletobelievethatcreativitycanbeenhanced.Thishasbeenconfirmedbytheauthors’observationthatmostenhanced.Thishasbeenconfirmedbytheauthors’observationthatmostcreativedesigninnovationssucceedundercompetitivebiddingandnotbecauseofunusualowneraffluenceasthefewpublicizedcasesofextravagancemightleadonetobelieve.Onecouldevensaythatadesignerwhoistrulycreativewillproducearchitecturalexcellencewithintheconstraintsofeconomy.Especiallytoday,wefindthatthereisaneedtorecognizethateleganceandeconomycanbecomesynonymousconcepts.Therefore,inthischapterwewillsetforthabriefexplanationoftheparametersofcostanalysisandthemeansbywhichdesignersmayevaluatetheoveralleconomicimplicationsoftheirstructuralandarchitecturaldesignthinking.Thecostofstructurealonecanbemeasuredrelativetothetotalcostofbuildingconstruction.Or,sincethetotalconstructioncostisbutapartofatotalprojectcost,onecouldincludeadditionalconsiderationforland(10～20percent),financeandinterest(100～200percent),taxesandmaintenancecosts(ontheorderof20percent).Butadiscussionoftheseso-calledarchitecturalcostsisbeyondthescopeofthisbook,andwewillfocusonthecostofconstructiononly.Ontheaverage,purelystructuralcostsaccountforabout25percentoftotalconstructioncosts,Thisissobecauseithasbeentraditionaltodiscriminatebetweenpurelystructuralandotherso-calledarchitecturalcostsofconstruction.Thus,intraditionwefindthatarchitecturalcostshavebeentakentobethosethatarenot第2页共12页necessaryforthestructuralstrengthandphysicalintegrityofabuildingdesign.“Essentialservices”formsathirdconstructioncostcategoryandreferstotheprovisionofmechanicalandelectricalequipmentandotherservicesystems.Ontheaverage,theseservicecostsaccountforsome15to30percentofthetotalconstructioncost,dependingonthetypeofbuilding.Mechanicalandelectricalreferstothecostofprovidingforair-conditioningequipmentandhemeansonairdistributionaswellasotherservices,suchasplumbing,communications,andelectricallightandpower.Thesalientpointisthatthisbreakdownofcostssuggeststhat,uptonow,anaverageofabout45to60percentofthetotalcostofconstructingatypicaldesignsolutioncouldbeconsideredasarchitectural.Butthispictureisrapidlychanging.Withhighinterestcostsandascarcityofcapital,clientgroupsaredemandingleanerdesigns.Therefore,onemayconcludethattherearetwoapproachesthedesignermaytaketowardsinfluencingtheconstructioncostofbuilding.Thefirstapproachtocostefficiencyistoconsiderthatwhereverarchitecturalandstructuralsolutionscanbeachievedsimultaneously,apotentialforeconomyisevident.Sincecurrenttrendsindicateareluctancetoallocatelargeportionsofaconstructionbudgettopurelyarchitecturalcosts,thisapproachseemsalogicalnecessity.But,evenwheremoneyisavailable,anyuseofstructuretoplayabasicarchitecturalrolewillallowthenonstructuralbudgettobeappliedtofulfillotherarchitecturalneedsthatmightnormallyhavetobeappliedtofulfillotherarchitecturalneedsthatmightnormallyhavetobecutback.Thesecondapproachachieveseconomythroughanintegrationofserviceandstructuralsubsystemstoroundoutone’sefforttoproduceatotalarchitecturalsolutiontoabuildingdesignproblem.Thefinalpricingofaprojectbytheconstructororcontractorusuallytakesadifferentform.Thecostsarebrokendowninto(1)costofmaterialsbroughttothesite,(2)costoflaborinvolvedineveryphaseoftheconstructionprocess,(3)costofequipmentpurchasedorrentedfortheproject,(4)costofmanagementandoverhead,and(5)profit.Thearchitectorengineerseldomfollowssuchanaccuratepathbutshouldperhapskeepinmindhowtheactualcostofastructureisfinallypricedandmadeup.Thus,thepercentaveragesstatedaboveareobviouslycrude,buttheycansufficetointroducethenatureofthecostpicture.Thefollowingsectionswilldiscusstherangeoftheseaveragesandthenproceedtoadiscussionofsquarefootagecostsand第3页共12页volume-basedestimatesforuseinroughapproximationofthecostofbuildingastructuralsystem.2.PercentageEstimatesThetypeofbuildingprojectmayindicatetherangeofpercentagesthatcanbeallocatedtostructuralandothercosts.Asmightbeexpected,highlydecorativeorsymbolicbuildingswouldnormallydemandthelowestpercentageofstructuralcostsascomparedtototalconstructioncost.Inthiscasethestructuralcostsmightdropto10～15percentofthetotalbuildingcostbecausemoremoneyisallocatedtotheso-calledarchitecturalcosts.Onceagainthisimpliesthatthesymboliccomponentsareconceivedindependentofbasicstructuralrequirements.However,wherestructureandsymbolismaremore-or-lesssynthesized,aswithach