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Gases叶姗郑州微信营销§5.1propertiesofGases§5.2TheIdealGasEquation§5.3Dalton’sLawofPartialPressure§5.4Thekinetic-MolecularTheory§5.1propertiesofGases5.1.1aboutP,V,Tofgases5.1.2IdealgasesDiffuseandeffuse具有扩散性和可压缩性ThebasiccharacteristicsofgasPressurePascal----PaatmmmHgVolumeandTemperatureStandardTempertureandPressureStandardTemperture:0℃or273.15KStandardPressure:760mmHgor1atm–(1.01325×105Pa)TheIdealGas物理模型Agasthatbehavesexactlyasdescribedbytheidealgasequationiscalledanidealgas.理想气体分子之间没有相互吸引和排斥，分子本身的体积相对于气体所占有体积完全可以忽略。NOrealgasesareideal§5.2TheIdealGasEquationpV=nRTR----aproportionalityconstantSTP，p=101.325kPa,T=273.15Kn=1.0mol,Vm=22.414L=22.414×10-3m31133KmolJ314.8K15.2731.0molm1022.414Pa101325nTpVRR=8.314kPaLK-1mol-15.2.1UsingtheIdealGasEquationtoSolveProblems1.Calculatingoneofthefourparameters(p,V,T,n)ScopeofApplication：arealgasthatnotlowtemperatureandpressureisnottoohigh.pV=nRT2.calculatingmolarmassofgasM=Mrgmol-1pVmRTMRTMmpVnRTpVMmn3.Thegasdensitycalculation=RTpMpVmRTM=m/VpRTM5.2.2Thecalculationofthevolumeofgas例:为了行车的安全，可在汽车中装备上空气袋，防止碰撞时司机受到伤害。这种空气袋是用氮气充胀起来的，所用的氮气是由叠氮化钠与三氧化二铁在火花的引发下反应生成的。总反应是：6NaN3+Fe2O3(s)3Na2O(s)+2Fe(s)+9N2(g)在25℃。748mmHg下，要产生75.0L的N2，计算需要叠氮化钠的质量。6NaN3+Fe2O3(s)3Na2O(s)+2Fe(s)+9N2(g)6mol9molMr(NaN3)=65.01P=748mmHg=99.73kPaT=298Km(NaN3)=390.06gV(N2)=223.6Lm(NaN3)=？V(N2)=75.0Lm(NaN3)==131gL6223L075g06390...§5.3Dalton’sLawofPartialPressure3.1Dalton’sLawofPartialPressure3.2vaporpressure3.3ApplicationofPartialpressurecomponentgas：TheidealgasmixtureforeachgascalledcomponentgasPartialpressure:Thepressureofeachgasinamixtureiscalledthepartialpressure.VRTnpBB3.1Dalton’sLawofPartialPressureDalton’sLawofPartialPressuresThetotalpressureofamixtureofgasesisequaltothesumofthepartialpressuresoftheindividualgasesinthemixture:p=p1+p2+orp=pBVnRTp,,2211VRTnpVRTnpVRTnnVRTnVRTnp2121n=n1+n2+xBB的摩尔分数VRTnpBBpxpnnpxnnppBBBBBBVnRTp3.2vaporpressurePtotal=Pgas+PwatervaporThepressureofwatervaporformedbyevaporationofwaterinaclosedcontainerdependsonlyonthetemperatureofthewaterandiscalledthevaporpressure3.3ApplicationofPartialpressureSampleproblem:可以用亚硝酸铵受热分解的方法制取纯氮气。反应如下：NH4NO2(s)2H2O(g)+N2(g)IfT:19℃、P:97.8kPa，以排水集气法在水面上收集到的氮气体积为4.16L，计算消耗掉的亚硝酸铵的质量。solution：T=（273+19）K=292Kp=97.8kPaV=4.16L292K时，p（H2O）=2.20kPaMr(NH4NO2)=64.04n(N2)==0.164molNH4NO2(s)2H2O(g)+N2(g)64.04g1molm(NH4NO2)=?0.164molm(NH4NO2)==10.5gK292molKJ31484.16L)kPa202897(1-1-...mol1mol164.0g04.64例题氧是人类维持生命的必需气体，缺氧生命就会死亡，过剩的氧会使人致病，只有在氧气的分压维持21kPa才能使人体维持正常代谢过程。在潜水员自身携带的水下呼吸器中充有氧气和氦气（He在血液中溶解度很小，N2的溶解度大，可使人得气栓病）某潜水员潜至海水30m处作业，海水的密度为1.03gcm-3，温度为20℃。在这种条件下，若维持O2、He混合气中p(O2)=21kPa氧气的体积分数为多少？以1.000L混合气体为基准，计算氧气的分体积和氦的质量。（重力加速度取9.807m/s2）解：T=（273+20）K=293K海水深30m处的压力是由30m高的海水和海面的大气共同产生。海面上的空气压力为760mmHg，则p=ghw+kPa101mmg760mmHg760=9.807m/s21.03103kgcm-330m+101kPa=3.03103kgcm-1s-2+101kPa=303kPa+101kPa=404kPa%2.5%10040421)O()O()O(kPa21)O(2222iixVVxVVpppg63.0K293molKJ314.8L)052.0000.1(kPa404molg0026.4)He()He(0026.4)He(mL52L52.0)O(111r2TRVPMmMV若混合气体体积为1.000L时，§5.4Thekinetic-MolecularTheoryGraham’sLawofEffusionRateofeffusionofgas1(MMgas2)1/2=rRateofeffusionofgas1(MMgas1)1/2realgasesThebehaviorofrealandidealgasesVanderWaalsEquation5.4.1Thebehaviorofrealandidealgases理想气体状态方程式仅在足够低压力下适合于真实气体。产生偏差的主要原因是:①气体分子本身的体积的影响②分子间力的影响5.4.2vanderWaalsEquationnRTnbVVnap))((22a,b分别称为vanderwaals常量。(V-nb)=Videal等于气体分子运动的自由空间b:Correctionforvolumeofmolecules为分子间吸引力正比于(n/V)2内压力p′=a(n/V)2pideal=preal+a(n/V)2气体10a(Pam6mol-2)104b(m3mol-1)He0.034570.2370H20.24760.2661Ar1.3630.3219O21.3780.3183N21.4080.3913CH42.2830.4278CO23.6400.4267HCl3.7160.4081NH34.2250.3707NO25.3540.4424H2O5.5360.3049C2H65.5620.6380SO26.8030.5636C2H5OH12.180.8407Table5-1SomevanderWaalsConstantsSampleproblem:分别按理想气体状态方程式和vanderwaals方程式计算1.50molSO2在30摄氏度占有20.0L体积时的压力，并比较两者的相对误差。如果体积减少为2.00L，其相对误差又如何？解：已知T=303K，V=20.0L，n=1.50mol，a=0.6803Pa·m6·mol-2，=0.563610-4m3·mol-1189kPa20.0L303KmolK8.314J1.5mol111VnRTp%9.18%1001059.110)59.189.1(kPa1059.1kPa1089.1L00.2%61.1%100186186189186kPa3.8kPa189.7kPa(20.0L)LkPa100.6803(1.5mol)1.50molmol0.05636L20.0L303KmolK8.314J1.50mol33'2'2'13'23'1221232111222pppppVpppVannbVnRTp