在资源整合视角下的养老服务产业研究

1摘要自2000年中国正式进入老龄化社会以来，人口快速老龄化形势日益严峻。截止2015年底，中国60岁以上老年人口达到2.22亿人，占总人口比重16.1%，其中高龄老人超过2400万人，失能老人超过4000万人，空巢老人突破1亿人，城镇老年人口平均养老退休金年收入仅27060元，农村人均纯收入仅10772元，庞大的老年人口数量及高龄化、失能化、空巢化、低收入、社会总抚养比上升、劳动年龄人口下降等问题相互交织在一起，对国民经济产业结构升级和公共养老服务事业供给效率形成强大的倒逼压力。当前，中国养老服务体系初步形成，但是养老服务事业供给效率低，现代养老服务产业发展落后，呈现出未富先老、未备先老的阶段性特征，存在资源分散和利用率低的突出问题。因此，在社会总投入有限的条件下，只有通过资源整合提高用于发展养老服务业的各类资源利用率，才能加快现代养老服务业发展，进而使养老服务业成为中国新一轮调结构、惠民生、促升级的重要力量。由于中国养老服务产业是在养老服务事业领域引入市场机制进行社会化、产业化改革而发展起来的，所以，中国的养老服务业资源整合应该包括事业和产业两个领域。在养老服务事业领域的资源整合，本文设计了一种“养老服务事业片区化发展模型”：即在县（市）的统一规划下，根据各个乡镇（街道）的比较优势发展面向一个片区的养老服务事业项目，形成片区内优势互补、片区间相互合作的跨乡镇（街道）行政区划的片区养老服务事业发展格局。在养老服务产业领域的资源整合，本文则设计了一种“养老服务产业集群化发展模型”：即在发展养老服务事业的片区内，整合政策、信息、技术、人才、土地、资本金等资源培育良好的区域市场环境，推动各类养老服务机构进行企业化改革，扶持一批养老服务中小企业和龙头企业，形成产业链基本完整、服务整个片区的产业集群。未来经济是服务经济，也是老龄经济。只有整合来自于政府、企业、第三部门的各类用于发展现代养老服务业的资源，走中国养老服务事业片区化发展和养老服务产业集群化发展道路，才能真正释放人口快速老龄化蕴藏的巨大红利，托起中国的“夕阳红”，托起中国经济的明天。关键词：资源整合；养老服务业；片区化；产业集群2AbstractSince2000,Chinaformallyenteredtheagingsocietysincetherapidlyagingpopulationincreasinglyserioussituation.Bytheendof2015,China'selderlypopulationover60yearstoreach222millionpeople,16.1%shareofthetotalpopulation,ofwhichmorethan24millionpeopleintheoldestold,morethan4,000disabledelderlypeople,emptynestersthan100millionpeople,theurbanelderlypopulationaverageretirementpensionincomeisonly27,060yuan,ruralpercapitanetincomewasonly10,772yuan,ahugeelderlypopulationandaging,lossofenergy,emptynestoflow-income,totalsocialdependencyratiorises,theworking-agepopulationdeclineandotherissuesofmutualintertwined,upgradetheindustrialstructureofthenationaleconomyandpublicservicepensionbusinesstocreateastrongsupplyefficiencyForcedpressure.Atpresent,theChinesepensionservicessystem,butthecauseoflowpensionservicessupplyefficiency,modernserviceindustrydevelopmenthaslaggedbehindthepension,showingoldbeforegettingrich,notpreparedtostagetheoldfeatures,dispersionandlowutilizationofresourcesoutstandingissues.Thus,thetotalinvestmentinthesocialconditionsoflimitedonlybyimprovingresourceutilizationthroughresourceintegrationofvariousservicesforthedevelopmentofthepensioninordertoacceleratethedevelopmentofmodernserviceindustrypension,therebyenablingpensionservicesbecomeChina'snewroundofstructuraladjustment,animportantforceinimprovingpeople'slivelihood,promoteupgrading.SincetheChinesepensionserviceindustryistheintroductionofmarketmechanismsofthecommunity,industry-orientedreformsinthepensionfieldservicesbusinessanddeveloped,sothatChina'spensionservicesintegrationofresourcesshouldincludetwoareasofbusinessandindustry.Integrationofresourcesinthefieldofpensionservicebusiness,wedesignakindofretirementservicesbusinessareadevelopmentmodel:thatis,inthenextcounty(city)unifiedplanning,accordingtothetownship(street)comparativeadvantageforthedevelopmentofanAreaofpensionservicesutilityprojects,formingsheetregion3complementaryadvantages,mutualcooperationacrossthesheetintervaltownship(street)administrativedivisionofpensionserviceareadevelopmentpattern.Integrationofresourcesinthepensionserviceindustries,thepaperisdesignedapensionserviceindustryclusterdevelopmentmodel:thatinthedevelopmentofpensionservicebusinesschiparea,theintegrationofpolicies,information,technology,personnel,land,capitalandotherresourcesfostergoodregionalmarketenvironment,andpromotealltypesofpensionserviceinstitutionsenterprisereform,supportinganumberofpensionservicesforSMEsandleadingenterprisestocreateacompleteindustrialchainofbasicservicesthroughouttheareaofindustrialclusters.Futureeconomyisaserviceeconomy,butalsotheagingeconomy.Onlytheintegrationofalltypesfromtheendowmentforthedevelopmentofmodernserviceindustryresourcestogovernment,business,thethirdsector,withChinesepensionservicesbusinessareadevelopmentandclusterdevelopmentpathpensionservicesindustry,inordertotrulyreleaserapidlyagingpopulationhiddenhugebonuses,holdChina'ssunsetred,holdupChina'seconomicfuture.Keywords：resourceintegration；pensionservices；Areaof；industrialclusters4目录摘要................................................................................................................................................1Abstract.......................................................................................................................................21社区型居家养老模式是中国养老历史与现实的选择.................................................51.1以孝文化为核心的传统家庭养老伦理.........................................................................51.22011年-2015年家庭可支配收入的变化...................................................................71.3计划生育政策下的家庭小型化及养老功能弱化.....................................................81.4迅速膨胀的半失能、失能老人群体与空巢老人群体..........................................111.5社区支持型居家养老模式的优越性..........................................................................112宏观视角下的中国养老服务业发展情况概述.............................................................132.1老龄产业与养老服务业的定义...................................................................................132.2积极应对人口老龄化.....................................................................................................162