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1.Thesimplereasonforthisisthattherearemoredifferentwaysoflookingatthingspresentinthefirstkindofsociety.简单的原因是,在第一种社会中有很多看待出现在那种社会里的事物的观点。2.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchange,byopeningmoreareasoflifetodecision.由于有更多的生活的领域要去选择,这些因素都会促进社会的变革。thefirstkindofsociety.thefirstkindofsociety.materialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;在一个社会里,社会的变革更有可能也更频繁地发生在文化的物质方面,而不是非物质方面,比如技能方面而不是价值方面。4.Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies(一分为二).而且,社会的变革如果社会逐步地,那就更容易些。例如,有可能在人们的关系上发生持续的变化,而不是突然地发生一分为二的变化。5.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.这就是为什么同其他少数民族相比,变革没有更快地发生在美国黑人的身上的一个原因。因为黑人与白人的不同太明显了。第二组1.Thereisanadvertisementinnewspaperwhichurgesyoutochangeourlifehabits,withthesuggestionthatifyoudoso,byadopting(采用)seveneasy-to-followitemsoflifestyle,youcanachieveelevenaddedyearsbeyondwhatyouwillgetifyoudon’t.报纸上有一则广告极力劝说你改变生活习惯,还说如果你采取七种简便易行的生活方式,寿命会增加十一年。2.Butyouhavetoreadthereportcarefullytodiscoverthatthereisanotherwayofexplainingthefindings,但如果你仔细阅读这份报告,会发现另外一种解释这一研究结果的方法。3.Thepopularacceptanceofthisnotionsayssomethingimportantabouttoday’spublicattitudesaboutdisease:这一观念被普遍接受,说明了今天人们对疾病所持的态度。4.Othermedicaltheoriesinhistory,constructedtoexplainallofhumandiseases,werenotalwaysasusefulintheireffectsasthisoneislikelytobe.这种理论很可能产生有益的效果,历史上其他试图解释人类所有疾病的医学理论,却总不是这样。5.Afterall,itismoredifficulttobeconvincing(使相信)aboutignoranceconcerningdiseasemechanisms(机制)thanitistomakeclaimsforfullcomprehension,especiallywhenthecomprehensionleadstosomesortofaction.让人们相信我们对于疾病机制一无inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinlife….所知比宣称对它了如指掌就难多了;特别是人们难以相信了解疾病机制就能治愈疾病.第三组1.Ithink,however,that,providedworkisnotexcessiveinamount,eventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.可是我认为,假如工作不是超负荷,即使是最乏味的工作对大多数人来讲也比无所事事好过些。2.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilization,andatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.能够明智地把闲暇时间充实起来是文明的最终结果。目前还很少有人达到这个水平。3.Accordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardastheywerepoor,whilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlyestablished.因此很多富翁差不多还在努力工作,好像他们还很贫穷一样。而大多数有钱的太太则忙于无数琐碎事,而她们却坚信那是震撼世界的大事。4.Workisthereforedesirable,firstandforemost,asapreventiveofboredom,fortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.因此工作是人需要的,首先,工作可以预防无聊,因为一个人在做必须做的而又无兴趣的工作时所感到的无聊与终日无所事事所感到的无聊相比,是微不足道的。5.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoweakenhisvigor,heislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind.即使一个人不是拼命工作而消耗他的精力,那么他可能比无所事事的人在闲暇中得到更多的乐趣。第四组1.Onlybylanguagecanhehaveaclearnotionofhimselfasanindividual:“Ithink,thereforeIam”andforge(铸造)thebondsofasociety——asocietyasdistinguishedfromsomesortofinstinctualherd.只有借助语言,人类才能够对于个体自身有清晰的认识,“我思想,故我存在”,才能连结社会——一种不同于某种浑噩的兽群的社会。2.Howoftenhavewefeltthatweknewourownmindsonsomething,orknewallaboutsomething,onlytofind,whenwestartedtoputwhatweknewintowords,thatwedidn’tknowourownmindsatall.我们常常有这种感觉,本以为知道自己对某事的看法,或对它完全了解,但是当我们把了解的内容用语言表达出来时,却发现根本不清楚自己的看法会什么。3.Writingthingsoutisonlyamorerigorouswayoftryingtounderstandasubjectandunderstandoneselfinrelationtothatsubject.rigorous['riɡərəs]adj.严格的,严厉的;严密的;严酷的把想法写出来,只是认识问题以及了解自己对这个问题看法的更加严谨的方式。4.Ifyouarebeginningyourcollegecareer,muchofyourinstructionwillbeinlanguage,anditwillberequiredtorespondinlanguage.如果你即将开始大学生活,大部分授课都将通过语言来进行,而且要求你用语言做出反应。5.Ifamanlackscompetenceinlanguage,hewillspendmuchofhislifefumblinginakindoftwilightworldinwhichideaandfeelingsareperceivedonlydimlyandoftenindistortedshapes.一个人若缺乏语言能力,大半生的时间都将在思想感情模糊和被曲解的朦胧世界中摸索。第五组1.Theartoflivingistoknowwhentoholdfastandwhentoletgo.生活的艺术在于懂得何时珍惜,何时舍弃。2.Werememberabeautythatfaded,alovethatwaned(消逝).Butwerememberwithfargreaterpainthatwedidnotseethatbeautywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.我们记得已经凋谢的美,已经消逝的爱。可是,我们更痛苦的回忆是,没有在鲜花怒放时注意到那份美丽,没有在得到爱时想起回报。3.Ultimately,wemustconfronttheinevitabilityofourowndemise,losingourselvesasitwere,allthatwewereordreamedtobe.最终,我们必须走向不可抗拒的死亡,失去原有的自我,失去拥有过或梦想过的一切。4.Inordertoresolvethisparadox,wemustseekawiderperspective(视角),viewingourlivesasthroughwindowsthatopenoneternally(永恒).要解决这个矛盾,我们必须寻找一个更宽阔的视角,就像是透过永远敞开着的窗口,来看待我们的一生。5.Putthemalltogether,exalt(使超越)themabovetheirimperfections,addtothemthevisionofhumankindfreeofneedandstrife(战争)andyouhaveafuturelightedwiththeradiantcolorsofhope.把这一切结合起来,使之超越现有的不完善,加上对人类的富裕、和平的憧憬,你就会有一个闪耀着绚丽的希望之光的未来。第六组1.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthataswelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrain,weshalldoso,andthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.但是,完全有理由相信,在进一步了解大脑的生理机能之后,我们就会明白视觉产生的原理,并彻底解决认识和意识方面的重要哲学问题。1.Butifourdescendants(后代)knowtheanswerstothequestionswhichperplex(困扰)ustoday,therewillstillbe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