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United,westand;divided,wefall.非谓语动词:过去分词过去分词(短语)作状语过去分词表示完成或被动,作状语时,表示动作发生的背景或者情况,在意义上相当于一个状语从句,其省略的主语(逻辑主语)是主句的主语,且与主语之间存在被动关系。过去分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、方式、原因、让步等。过去分词的否定式是将not放在其前面。一、过去分词作状语时的具体用法:1)过去分词作时间状语时,相当于一个时间状语从句。有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念.例:1.Asked(Whenhewasasked)whathadhappened,hisfaceturnedred.当他被问及发生了什么的时候,他的脸红了。2.Whenheated(Whenitisheated),waterchangesintosteam.当加热时,水变成水蒸气。3.Toldthathismotherwasill(Whenhewastoldthathismotherwasilll),LiLeihurriedhomequickly.李蕾得知母亲生病了时,马上赶回了家。4.Seenfromthemoon(Whenitisseenfromthemoon),theearthlooksgreen.从月亮上看时,地球是绿色。2)过去分词作原因状语时,相当于一个由as,since,because等词引导的原因状语从句。例:1.Deeply(Becausetheywere)movedbythemovie,thechildrenbegantocry.由于被电影深深地感动,孩子们哭了起来。2.Frightened(Becauseshewasfrightened)bythehorrormovie,thegirldidn'tdaretosleepalone.因为被惊悚电影吓坏了,这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。3.Caughtinaheavyrain(Becausehewascaughtina...),hewasallwet.4.Satisfiedwithwhathedid(Becausetheteacherwassatisfiedwith...),theteacherpraisedhiminclass.由于老师对他所做的事情很满意,于是在班上表扬了他。3)过去分词作条件状语时,通常放在句子的前面,相当于if,unless等引导的条件状语从句。United,westand;divided,wefall.例:1.Comparedwithyou(Ifwearecompared),westillhavealongwaytogo.和你们比起来,我们还有很长的一段路要走。2.Grown(Iftheseseedsaregrown)inrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。3.Givenmoretime(Ifweweregivenmoretime),wewouldbeabletodotheworkmuchbetter.4.Givenafewminutes(IfIamgivenafewminutes),I’llfinishit.再给几分钟的时间,我就会完成了4)过去分词作让步状语时,相当于一个以though/although引导的让步状语从句,这类分词或分词短语一般放在句子前面。例:1.Left(Althoughhewasleft)athome,Johndidn'tfeelafraidatall.虽然John被单独留在房间里,他一点都不害怕。2.Invitedbyhim(ThoughIwasinvitedbythem),Iwon’ttakepartintheparty.即使被邀请,我也不会参加聚会的。3.Explainedahundredtimes(Althoughhewasexplained...),hestillcan’tunderstandit.即使给他解释一百篇,她还是不会明白。4.Trainedtenhoursaday(Thoughhewastrained...),hewillstillbeafool.即使每天训练十个小时,他也还会是个傻瓜。5)过去分词作状语表方式或伴随状语时不用状语从句替换,但可以改写成并列句。例:1.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,(andshewas)followedbyherlittledaughter.她走出房子,后面跟着她小女儿。2.(Shewas)Dressedinwhite,(and)shelookedreallypretty.穿着白衣服,她看起来确实很美。3.Shesatbythewindow,(andshewas)lostinthought.United,westand;divided,wefall.二、过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别:1)过去分词表完成、被动,与主句的主语之间是被动关系;现在分词表进行、主动,与主句的主语之间是主动关系。试比较:Followingtheoldman,wewentupstairs.跟着那个老人,我们上了楼。=Wefollowedtheoldman,andwewentupstairs.Followedbytheoldman,wewentupstairs.我们上了楼,后面跟着那个老人。=Wewerefollowedbytheoldman,andwewentupstairs.Seenfromthetop,thestadiumlookslikeabirdnest.从上面看,体育场好像一个鸟巢。Seeingfromspace,theastronautcannotdiscovertheGreatWall.从太空看,宇航员看不到长城。2)若分词主语与句中主语不一致,则可以用其他方法来修正。①用with的复合结构等.②改为相应的状语从句来表达。③给分词添加自己的主语,构成独立主格结构④改变语态。例如:完成作业后,孩子们出去踢足球了。Finishedtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(×)Theirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(独立主格)Havingfinishedtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(现在分词完成形式)Withtheirhomeworkfinished(表时间),thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(with的复合结构)Afterfinishingtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(介词+动名词)例如:当他过马路时,一辆车撞到了他。误:Crossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.误:Crossedtheroad,hewasknockeddownbyacar.正:Crossingtheroad,hewasknockeddownbyacar.过马路时他被车撞倒了。正:Whenhewascrossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。United,westand;divided,wefall.※注意:分词的独立主格结构的由来解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题,也可在分词前加一个名词或代词,使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式,例:Hecrossingtheroad,acarknockedhimdown.Thejobfinished,wewenthome.工作结束后我们就回家了。Theweatherbeingfine,wewentswimming.天气很好,我们就去游泳了。Hebeingabsent,nothingcouldn’tbedone.由于他缺席,什么事也干不成。误:Barkingmadly,Iledthedogout.正:Thedogbarkingmadly,Ileditout.正:Barkingmadly,thedogwasletoutbyme.正:Becuasethedogwasbarklingmadly,Ileditout.正:Withthedogbarkingmadly,Ileditout.三、有些过去分词因源于系表结构,已经被形容词化。故作状语时不表被动而表主动,表示人的状态。getlost;belostin(沉溺于);beseated;becomparedwithbedressedin;beborn;betiredof(厌烦);betiredfrombeworriedabout(表状态)beinterestedin;bemovedby;bedisappointedat;besurprisedat四、选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.Lookingather,hejumpedwithjoy.Lookedatbyher,hejumpedwithjoy.五、正如第四点所说,不论是动词不定式作状语、-ing分词做状语,还是动词的过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。但是,有一些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来,成为单独的短语,在句子中作状语。如:(1)exactly/honestly/frankly/generallyspeaking,准确地说不过去/老实地说/坦率地United,westand;divided,wefall.说/一般说来。例:1.Exactlyspeaking,hegothereateightfourteenthismorning.准确地说,今天早晨他是十八点十四分来到这里的。2.Generallyspeaking,asnakewon’tattackamanunlessitisbothered.一般说来,蛇是不会攻击人的除非你冒犯了它。(2)judgingfrom/by...从/根据某东西判断例:1.Judgingbyhisaccent,heisfromHunan.从他的口音来判断,他是湖南人。2.Judgingfromwhathesaid,heisveryhonest.从他所说的话来判断,它是很诚实的。(3)providing/provided…假如/如果例:1.Providinghefollowsouradvice,wecanhelphim.要是他按我们的建议去做,我们就能帮助他。2.Providedheisfree,heissuretocome.如果他有空,他肯定会来。(4)considering...考虑到例:1.Consideringhewasjustalittleboy,wedidn’tpunishhim.考虑到他还只是一个小孩,我们就没有惩罚他了。2.Consideringitwaslate,wedidn’tdiscussthequestion.考虑到时间不早了,我们就没有讨论这个问题了。(5)thinkingof...想到/考虑到例:Thinkingoftheenvironmentwelivein,thewastecan’tbethrownawayarounddirectly.考虑到我们所生存的环境,废物不能直接到处乱扔。(6)talkingof...谈到/说到例:Talkingofmath,hebecameexcited.谈到数学,他就兴奋起来了。此外,还有短语:taking...intoconsideration把某事考虑进去;calculatingroughly,粗略地计算;supposing...假定;totellyouthetruth实话告诉你;tobefrank坦白地说;tob
本文标题:过去分词作状语
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