白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴( Rhinopithecus bieti)垂直迁移(英文)

Receiveddate:2007-11-26；Accepteddate:2008-02-25Foundationitems:DoctoralResearchStartupGrantatSouthwestForestryCollege;TheChineseAcademyofScience(KSCX2-1-03)*Correspondingauthors（通讯作者），E-mail:[e-mail];[e-mail]收稿日期：2007-11-26；接受日期：2008-02-25动物学研究2008，Apr.29(2)：181—188CN53-1040/QISSN0254-5853ZoologicalResearchAltitudinalRangeofBlack-and-whiteSnub-nosedMonkeys(Rhinopithecusbieti)atBaimaSnowMountain,ChinaZHONGTai1,3,XIAOLin1,3,HUOSheng1,2,XIANGZuo-fu4,XIAOWen1,2,*,CUILiang-wei5,*（1.InstituteofEastern-HimalayaBiodiversityResearch,DaliUniversity,DaliYunnan671000,China;2.DepartmentofLifeScienceandChemistry,DaliUniversity,DaliYunnan671000,China;3.BaimaSnowMountainNatureReserve,DeqinYunnan650031,China;4.CentralSouthUniversityofForestryandTechnology,ChangshaHunan410004,China;5.FacultyofConservationBiology,SouthwestForestryCollege,KunmingYunnan650224,China）Abstract:Faeceswerecountedalonghorizontal,5.0mwidestripsataltitudeintervalsof100mtoexaminethealtitudinalrangingpatternofabandofblack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkeys(Rhinopithecusbieti)atNanren(99o04’E,28o34’N,BaimaSnowMountainNatureReverse,Yunnan,China)atfourareasineachseasonbetween2000-2001.Faeceswerealsocountedalongvertical,2.5mwidestripsinonesubvalleyandononesubridgeineacharea.Monkeysusedanaltitudinalrangeof3500-4300m,butpreferredoccupyingtheupperforestbeltbetween3900and4200maslyear-round,beingatthehighestaltitudeinsummer,thelowestaltitudeinspring,andmiddlealtitudesbetweenautumnandwinter(lowerinwinterthanautumn).Moreover,thereweresecondarypeaksofloweraltitudeuse(3700m)inspringandwinter.Inaddition,morefaecesweredistributedinsubvalleysthanonsubridgesinwinter,thissuggeststhatmonkeystendtospendmoretimeinsubvalleyswherethereislesswindandfluctuatingtemperatures.Thesignificantcorrelationbetweenfaecaldensityandlichenloadmightindicatethataltitudinaldistributionoffoodresourcesmayactasanimportantfactoraffectingthemonkeys’range.Themonkeysmightmigratetoloweraltitudestoeatyoungsproutsandleavesinspring,andtoshelterfromsnowstormsinwinter,possiblyresultinginthesecondarypeaksatloweraltitudes.Keywords:Altitudinalrange;Faecesdistribution;Lichenabundance;Rhinopithecusbieti;Temperateprimates白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecusbieti)垂直迁移钟泰1,3，肖林1,3，霍晟1,2，向左甫4，肖文1,2,*，崔亮伟5,*(1.大理学院东喜玛拉雅资源与环境研究所，云南大理671000；2.大理学院生命科学与化学学院，云南大理671000；3.白马雪山国家级自然保护区，云南德钦650031；4.中南林业科技大学，湖南长沙410004；5.西南林学院保护生物学学院，云南昆明650224)摘要：2000-2001年间，在白马雪山国家级自然保护区南任村附近，通过在四个山坡每隔海拔100米的样带（宽5.0米）内搜集黑白仰鼻猴的粪便来研究猴群不同季节的垂直迁移模式。同时，通过在每个地区山脊上和山沟内搜集2.5米宽垂直样带内的粪便，来研究猴群不同季节对山脊和山沟的选择性。结果表明：猴群在海拔3500-4300米的区域活动。虽然猴群全年集中利用3900-4200米的林带；但是具有季节性差异：夏季最高（4200米），依次是秋季（4100米）和冬季（4000米），夏季最低（3900米）。另外，冬季山沟中的粪便多于山脊说明猴群在沟中停留时间长，这与沟中少风且温度高有关。不同海拔带上的粪便密度和松萝量间正相关，这意味着食物资源的垂直分布是影响猴群垂直迁移的重要因素。春季，猴群会下到低海拔采食嫩芽/叶，而冬季则下到低海拔处躲避首次大雪，这很可能导致猴群集中利用第二个海拔带。关键词：垂直迁移；粪便分布；松萝丰富度；Rhinopithecusbieti;温带灵长类中图分类号：Q959.848；Q958文献标识码：A文章编号：0254-5853（2008）02-0181-08182ZoologicalResearchVol.29Montane,temperateprimatesaregenerallyreportedtocommonlymigrateseasonally,preferringhigheraltitudesinsummerandloweraltitudesinwinter,presumablyduetoincreasedmetaboliccostsathigher,colderaltitudes(Bishop,1979;Huetal,1980).Goldensnub-nosedmonkeys(Rhinopithecusroxellana)favoredconiferforestsathigheraltitudesinsummer,incontrastwithloweraltitudeconifer-broadleafandbroadleafforestsinotherseasons(Huetal,1980).SomehighlivingpopulationsofPresbytisentellusarereportedtomovedowntoloweraltitudesinwinter(Bishop,1977),butmostdonotdescend(Sugiyama,1976;Bishop,1979).QuantitativestudiesoffaecaldistributionatdifferentaltitudesatWuyapuyasuggestedthatRhinopithecusbietialsoremainedathigheraltitudes(4000m)inwinter(Zhaoetal,1988).ThesamebandofR.bietiwasreportedtostayathigheraltitudes(4000m)wherelichendensityishighthroughouttheyear(Kirkpatrick,1996).Acrosstemperate-livingprimates,factorssuchasseasonalavailabilityoffoodresources,temperatureandhumanactivitiesareallthoughttoinfluencetheirchoiceofaltitudes(Kirkpatrick&Long,1994).TheirregularpatternofaltitudinalrangeinR.roxellana,forexample,wasinfluencedbythephenologyofbroadleaftrees(Huetal,1980;Shietal,1982;Lietal,2000).Foodavailabilitywasprobablythecrucialfactoraffectingmigrationinwinter(Macacafuscata:Suzuki,1965;P.entullus:Bishop,1979).Similarly,somegroupsofP.entellusarereportedtousenorthernandcolderslopesathigheraltitudeswithavailablefoodsduringwinter(Sugiyama,1976).AlthoughtheuseofhigheraltitudesbythisstudybandofR.bietiyear-roundhasbeensuggestedtorelatetothedensityoflichenspresent(Kirkpatricketal,1998),theevidencewascircumstantial.Moreover,therewasnosignificantcorrelationbetweenthealtitudinalrangeofthemonkeysandtemperature,andhumanactivitiesalsodidnotseemtoinfluencethechoiceofaltitudefortheband(Kirkpatrick,1996).R.bietiatWuyapuyawasreportedtouseawiderangeofelevations(3500-4600m),andtofeedmainlyonthelichen(Bryoria)growingonconifertrees(Kirkpatrick,1996).Thisstudyisdesignedtoclarifywhethertheyuseddifferentialaltitudesorstayedatthesamealtitudethroughouttheyearandtoexaminetheinfluenceoflichendistributiononthechoiceofaltitudes.1MaterialsandMethods1.1Studysi