英语词性及句子的类型

Teachingaims:英语的词性及句子成份;预备知识点一：词类概述词类英语名称作用例词名词n.表示人或事物的名称man,dog,tree,book冠词art.用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用a,an,the代词pron.代替名词或数词I,you,that,this,some,afew数词num.表示数量或顺序one,two,first形容词adj.修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful,young,old副词adv.修饰动词、形容词或其它副词very,quickly,often,here动词v.表动作或状态walk,run,study,be介词prep.用在名词、代词或数词前，表示和句中其它词的关系in,on,at,behind,from连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句and,but,if,or感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气oh,hello,hi,er词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。1名词noun2代词pronoun3形容词adjective4副词adverb5动词verb6数词numeral7冠词article8介词preposition9连词conjunction10感叹词interjectionstudent;volunteer;departureyou;some;whohappy;political;admirablequickly;quite;outwardscut;encourage;benefitthree;first;dozena;an;theat;before;withand;although;whichoh;hello;please实词虚词连系动词(link-v.)助词(auxiliary)aux.*句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________和_________________________主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)补语（complement）。同位语英语的句子成分：一）主语：是一个句子所叙述的主题，Wallshaveears.Hewilltakeyoutothehospital.Threeplusfourequalsseven.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisnotallowedinpublicplaces.Whetherornottheywillcomedependsontheweather.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.名词代词数词todo不定式doing动名词句子二）谓语由_____________担任为简单谓语。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。说明主语所做的动作或状态.动词有着各种时态的变化..Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.一个动词/动词短语2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。宾语•宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.•宾语种类：•（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），•例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.•（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：•Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.v.+sth.+to(表方向性)+sb.v.+sth.+for(表服务性)+sb.（四）表语它的位置在_______________之后。是用来说明主语的_______,______,_______的.•Myfatherisaprofessor.•Who'sthat?It'sme.•Everythinghereisexpensive.•Thematchbecameveryexciting.•Thestoryofmylifemaybeofhelptoothers.•Threetimesfiveisfifteen.•Hisplanistoseekworkinthecity.•Myfirstideawasthatyoushouldhideyourfeelings.系动词、连系动词性质特征状态名词n代词pron形容词adjadj介词短语数词todo不定式句子在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：“变化”类：______________________________________________.“感官”类:______________________________________________.“持续”类：___________________________________________.其他：（似乎）_______________(证明是)_________get/become/turn/grow/gotaste/smell/feel/look/soundstay/keep/remainseemappearturnout/prove(tobe)（五）定语是修饰___词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_____；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_____。•Theyarewomanworkers.•Tom'sfatherdidn'twritehomeuntilyesterday.•Maryisabeautifulgirl.•Theplayhasthreeacts.•ThisisherfirsttriptoEurope.•Chinaisadevelopingcountry.•Ihavenothingtoeat.•ThosewhowanttogotoTibetaretosigntheirnameshere.名前后名词名词所有格形容词adj数词形容词/序数词/todo不定式现在分词doingtodo不定式从句(六）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。•Thebestfishswimnearthebottom.•Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.•Iarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficjam.•We'llsendacartofetchyou.•Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlybones•Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.•Ifhegoes,sowillI.•Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.地点状语时间状语原因状语目的状语结果状语伴随状语条件状语让步状语七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。•Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.•Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.•Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.•Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.•Isawhimgoingupstairs.•Theyfoundthehousebrokenin.名词形容词介词短语todo不定式现在分词doingdone过去分词宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构(八）主语补足语如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语•Iwaselectedcaptainoftheteam.•Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.与宾语补足语一样８同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分（1）用来说明和解释另一个句子成分（２），这个句子成分（１）就叫做另一個句子成分（2）的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）Weallarestudents.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(直)宾语(间)Vt.V-lVi.Noun/Pronounnum./The+adj.V-ing/Clause/InfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adj.V-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/remain/keep/appear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/look/taste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidthathewasill.一个完整的句子做宾语，那么这个句子叫宾语从句。(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.--MydreamisthatIcanbeadmittedintoakeyuniversity.一个完整的句子做表语，那么这个句子叫表语从句。(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourlastname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottocleanthefloor.3.Theman