Lecture-4-X-bar-theory-[兼容模式]

1Lecture4X-bartheoryPhrasestructurerulesrevisitedNP
D(AP)Ne.g.the(good)friendVP
VNPe.g.chasethecatPP
PNPe.g.onthetop(1)thekingofEngland[NPthe[NPkingofEngland]]NP
DNPQuestions:Whatistheproblemofthisphrasestructurerule?Whatistheconsequenceofit?2PhrasestructurerulesrevisitedNPDNPDNPDNPDNPEmpiricalevidencenotfoundinEnglish:*theourthiskingofEngland3PhrasestructurerulesrevisitedNPD?theNPPkingofEngland4Aflatstructure(2)[Thebigbookofpoemswiththebluecover]isonthetable.NPDAPNPPPPthebookbigofpoemswiththebluecoverNP
D(AP)N(PP)(PP)Q:Whatistheconstituentstructureofit?Whatarethestructuralrelationsinit?5AconstituencytestOne-replacementtesta.[Thebigbookofpoemswiththebluecover]isonthetable,butnot[thesmallonewiththeredcover].b.[Thebigbookofpoemswiththebluecover]isonthetable,butnotthesmallone.c.[Thisbigbookofpoemswiththebluecoverisonthetable,butnotthatone.Q:Whatkindofconstituentcanbereplacedbyone?Doestheflatstructurereflectsuchconstituencies?6EvidenceforN-barNP[one]DN’1theAPN’2bigN’3PPNPPwiththebluecoverbookofpoemsOne-replacementrule:ReplaceanN’nodewithone.7NP
DN’N’1
APN’2N’2
N’3PPN’3
NPPEvidenceforV-bar(3)I[eatbeanswithafork].VPaflatstructureofVPVNPPPeatbeanswithaforka.I[eatbeanswithafork],butJanet[doesso]withaspoon.b.I[eatbeanswithafork],andJanet[doesso]too.c.I[eatbeansanddrinksoupwithaspoon].Mary[doesso]too.8EvidenceforV-barVPVPV’[doso]V’V’PPV’PPVNPwithaspoonV’ConjV’withaspooneatandbeansVNPVNPeatdrinkbeanssoupDo-so-replacement:ReplaceaV’nodewithdoso.9VP
V’V’
V’PPV’
VNPEvidenceforA-bar(4)the[very[[brightblue]and[dullgreen]]]coatAPA’AdvPA’veryA’ConjA’andAdvPA’AdvPA’brightAdullAbluegreen10AP
A’A’
AdvPA’A’
AEvidenceforA-bar(5)a.Iamafraidoftigers.Ifeartigers.b.Iamfondofmusic.Ilikemusic.(6)Iam[[afraidoftigers]and[fondofmusic]withoutexception].(7)Bobis[very[seriousaboutMary]],but[less[so]]thanPaul.APA’[so]AdvPA’APPseriousSo-replacement:ReplaceanA’nodewithso.11AP
A’A’
AdvPA’A’
APPEvidenceforP-bar(8)a.Maryplacedthecandy[right[inthemiddleofthecake]].b.Maryknockedit[right[offthetable]and[intothetrash]].(9)a.Marywas[[inlove]withJohn].b.Marywas[[inlove]and[atodds]withJohn].(10)a.Marywas[utterly[inlove]].b.Marywas[utterly[inlove]],butLouisewasonly[partly[so]].12EvidenceforP-barPPP’AdvPP’rightPNPinDN’theNPPmiddleofthecake13PP
P’P’
AdvPP’P’
PNPEvidenceforP-barPPPPP’P’[so]AdvPP’AdvPP’rightP’ConjP’utterlyPNPandinPNPPNPloveoffintothetablethetrash14a.NPb.VPDN’V’theNPPV’PPbookVNPeatc.APd.PPA’P’APPPNPfondin15Ageneralization:X-barschemaXPXPX’X’XYPX’ZPXYPXP
X’X’
X’ZPX’
XYP16Complementsandadjuncts(11)thestudentoflinguisticswithlonghairNPDN’theN’PPNPPwithlonghairstudentoflinguisticsQ:Whatarethestructuralrelationsfoundamongadjunct,complementandhead?17complementadjunctComplementsandadjunctsAdjunctrule:X’
X’(WP)Complementrule:X’
X(ZP)•Properties:Adjunctruleisaniterativerule,showingthepropertyofrecursion.Complementrulecanonlyapplyonce.•Consequences:(12)a.abookofsyntaxwithabluecoverfromCUPbyAndrewCarnieb.abookofsyntaxwithabluecoverbyAndrewCarniefromCUPc.abookofsyntaxfromCUPwithabluecoverbyAndrewCarnied.abookofsyntaxfromCUPbyAndrewCarniewithabluecovere.abookofsyntaxbyAndrewCarniewithabluecoverfromCUPf.abookofsyntaxbyAndrewCarniefromCUPwithabluecover(13)a.*abookwithabluecoverofsyntaxfromCUPbyAndrewCarnieb.*abookfromCUPofsyntaxwithabluecoverbyAndrewCarniec.*abookbyAndrewCarnieofsyntaxwithabluecoverfromCUP18Complementsandadjuncts(12)a.thestudentoflinguisticswithlonghairb.thestudentoflinguisticsb.thestudentwithlonghaircf.studylinguistics(13)a.thedestructionofthecitywithweaponsb.thedestructionofthecityc.thedestructionwithweaponscf.destroythecity19Complementsandadjuncts(14)I[VPlovedthepolicemanintenselywithallmyheart].VPadjunctV’V’PPcomplementV’AdvPwithallmyheartVNPintenselylovedthepoliceman20Complementsandadjuncts(15)Maryisextremelyfondofmusic.APadjunctA’AdvPA’complementextremelyAPPfondofmusic21Complementsandadjuncts(16)rightoffthetablePPadjunctP’AdvPP’complementrightPNPoffthetable22Distinguishingcomplementsandadjuncts(17)a.Johnfearsdogs.b.Johnisafraidofdogs.c.Johnhasafearofdogs.(18)a.JohnchasedMary[nearthesofa].b.Johnputthebook[nearthesofa].(19)a.Johncrawled[foranhour].b.Thepartylasted[foranhour].(20)JohnsoldthecartoMaryfor$2000.23Distinguishingcomplementsandadjuncts•Iterability:Adjunctsaretypicallyrepeatableoriterable,whereascomplementsarenot.(21)a.FreddeftlyhandedatoytothebabybyreachingbehindhisbackoverlunchatnooninarestaurantlastSundayinBackBaywithoutinterruptingthediscussion.(Bresnan1982:164)b.Fredhandedatoytothebaby.(22)a.*MarycrawledLisa.b.*MarysawLisathattree.c.*MarygaveatoytoLisatoSusan.24DistinguishingcomplementsandadjunctsXPXX’X’X’ZPZPX’X’ZPX’ZPX’ZPZPX’XWPXWP25Distinguishingcomplementsandadjuncts•Optionality:Complementsareobligatory,whereasadjunctscanusuallybeomittedwithoutill-formedness.(23)a.*Marychased.b.*Marygaveatoy.c.*Maryhandedatoy.(24)a.Marycrawledquicklyalongthecarpettothesofa.b.MarychasedLisaoutofthehousearoundthebuildingafterdinner.c.MaryhandedatoyverycarefullytoLisawithasmile.26DistinguishingcomplementsandadjunctsNote:Predicatealternatio