古史年代学研究的误区_夏商周断代工程金文历谱问题分析

()20062张富祥(,250100):构建金文历谱以推求古史年代的方法,在目前对上古历法不能考明的情况下还不可行夏商周断代工程依据少量铜器断代所建立的推定西周王年的支点多不可靠,为构建金文历谱所预设的西周历法要点也仍有待证明工程列为标志性成果之一的共和以下历谱,由于不知共和原不单独纪年,可能问题最多,而由此上推共和以前年代亦必致多误:年代学;夏商周断代工程;金文历谱:K04:A:1001-9839(2006)02-0064-09IncorrectApproachestoStudiesoftheChronologyofHistoryofAncientChina:AnAnalysisoftheCalendarChronologyofInscriptionsonBronzeZHANGFu-xiang(InstituteofCulture,HistoryandPhilosophy,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250100,P.R.China)Abstract:TheapproachofconstructingthecalendarchronologyofinscriptionsonbronzetoascertainthechronologyofthehistoryofancientChinaisstillinfeasibleatpresentfrothereasonthatthecalendarofancienttmiesisnotclearlyknowntous.Thepointsda'ppu,iwhichhavebeendeducedfromthedatesofafewbronze-waresandusedtodeducethechronologyoftheWesternZhouDynastyintheresearchstudiesoftheXia-Shang-ZhouDynastiesDivisionProject,aremostlynothavewel-lfounded.AndthemainpointsoftheWesternZhouDynastypresupposedforthepurposeofconstructingthecalendarchronologyofinscriptionsonbronzestillremaintobeproved.ThecalendarchronologythatfollowsGongHeperiod,listedasoneoftherepresentativeoutcomesoftheProject,probablytriggersthemostproblemsforthereasonthatGongHeisactuallynotanappellationofkings'reign.Asaresult,thedeductionofthechronologypriortoGongHeperiodwilldefinitelybefalse.Keywords:chronology;theXia-Shang-ZhouDynastiesDivisionProject;thecalendarchronologyofinscriptionsonbronze:2005-11-21:(1950-),,,,64,,,,!,,1945:,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,:,,,,:,(),(),(),,,:,,,,,,,,∀∀,,,,,,,∀∀,,?,,,(),!(),,,,!!,#1996-2000()∃(#∃),66!,!,#∃663,,,,!;:#∃%&,,∀∀,,,#∃[7](106-116),,,!,,,,!!2003,!,:,,,,,,,,,:,,,,∀∀!#∃:夷宫!为夷王庙,剌王!即厉王,可知此器作于宣王(时),惟十有八年!即宣王十八年(公元前810年)该年十三月丁丑朔,丙戌为初十,与既生霸相合此器与其它青铜器联系,可作为西周晚期年代的一个重要支点,证明#史记∃的纪年可信[5](第22页):%&,%&,,,%&()∀∀,∀∀65%&33,,,,,,37,14,,841,8(#∃),872,864,23#∃#∃,#∃#∃[8]14,,,60,#∃,#∃!,#∋∃3714,,#∃#∃,,,,,!,#∃,14CAMS;!#∋∃()(822),11,,,(846),,!;:,,,,:,?,?(832),,,#∃:(宣王)六年,召穆公帅师伐淮夷王帅师伐徐戎皇父休父从王伐徐戎,次于淮王归自伐徐,锡召穆公命∀∀七年,王锡申伯命王命樊侯仲山甫城齐∀∀九年,王会诸侯于东都,遂狩于甫,(822),遹省东国南国!,,,#∃#∋∋∃,#∃!,33854,14,,(22[8]),33,,33,!,,,,,,,#∃,,,#∃#∃,!,#∃!(),899,#∃#∃[8]#∃:66200621)西周历法采用朔!或胐!为月首朔!始见于#诗∋小雅∋十月之交∃朔日辛卯,日有食之!,其运用当更早于此认识朔以前,当以胐!为月首,胐指新月初见,一般在初二初三2)西周历法的岁首多为建子建丑建子指岁首在冬至所在之月,建丑在其次月3)西周历法一般采用年终置闰4)西周改元的方法有两种:逾年改元即新王即位的次年改称新王元年,当年改元即新王即位的当年改称新王元年[5](第19页),#∃#∃!!,,!,!,胐!和!,!!,,,,30,29!,胐!为月首,便可能会出现至少31日的大[10](48),,,,3029,!,360,12,,;,1030[11][12](262-264),,,,!,1030!,:,%&%&?,,%&?!,!,,,;,,,365366,,,30(,3130;,,31,,,):十祀九月甲午[癸卯][癸丑]癸亥十月[甲子]癸酉[癸未]癸巳甲午十一月[甲午]癸卯癸丑癸亥67()360-370,#∃,223,,,50#∃,301-304,十二月[甲子]癸酉癸未癸巳甲午十一祀正月[甲午]癸卯癸丑癸亥二月[甲子]癸酉癸未癸巳甲午三月[甲午][癸卯]癸丑[癸亥]四月[甲子]癸酉[癸未][癸巳][甲午?]五月[甲午]癸卯癸丑[癸亥],,,264,260,,30,,,,!,#∃:,#∃#∃,,,!,,2080,!,[10](50),!;,,,:,,!,,,!,!(,!,!,,6820062(!,3,#∃2189722847#∃4138;!,3,#∃38583753,,,,,,,,,,;,55,39[8],,,,!,,,,,:,∀∀,,!,,,,,:!,!?%&,(#∃)%&,(),%&,,,!,,,,!,60,,,,,#∋∃#∃#∋∃,#∃:#∋∃,,#∃#∃#∃,#∃%,&,%&,%&,#∃#∃#∃#∃,,,;,,,#∃#∃,:,![17],!#∃#∃,:惟一月壬辰旁死霸,若翌日癸巳,武王乃朝步自周,于征伐纣粤若来三月既死霸,粤五日甲子,咸刘商王纣惟四月既旁生霸,粤六日庚戌,武王燎于周庙翌日辛亥,祀于天位粤五日乙卯,乃以庶国祀馘于周庙#∃,:维一月丙午旁生魄,若翼日丁未,王乃步自周,征伐商王纣越若来二月既死魄,越五日甲子朝至,接于商,则咸刘商王纣∀∀时四月既旁生魄,越六日庚戌,武王朝至,燎于周∀∀若翼日辛亥,祀于位,用于天位越五日乙卯,武王乃以庶祀馘于国周庙69,#∃!!!!,!!,#∃,,#∃!,#∃,!,#∃,#∃#∋∃#∃,#∃()#∃(,):十二月戊子二十八日周师初发正月辛卯朔日壬辰二日旁死霸癸巳三日武王步自周丙午十六日武王逮师戊午二十八日周师渡孟津己未二十九日冬至二月庚申朔日既死霸癸亥四日周师至牧野,夜阵甲子五日昧爽合阵己丑晦日大寒中闰二月庚寅朔日戊午晦日三月庚申二日惊蛰四月己丑朔日死霸甲辰十六日望乙巳十七日旁生霸庚戌二十二日既旁生霸:(1)#∃,;(2),;(3),;(4)#∃;(5),!,!,!,!,!;(6)#∃!!,!,,(),!,,,#∃:,,,,,(:#∋∃%&:,%&),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,#∃,,,,,,,#∃!,!,!,!,!,;!!,!,,7020062;,,,!,;胐!为月首,其历日也不会与平朔之月都相同第二,周初民间农历,#∃,#∃!,,,!,,,,,,,,,!,,,,!,#∃!(#∋∃),,!,,,,,,!!!,!;!!!(!),,,,()!,,,,,#∃#∃!,#∋∃;#∃,,,,,,#∃,#∃#∃,#∃!,!!,,,,,#∃,!,,!(#∃)[19](40-46)#∋∃#∃,!!,#∃!!,#∃(#∋∃#∃),#∃#∃#∃,#∋∃#∃,,,#∃#∃,#∃#∃#∃,,#∋∃:#∃#∃#∃,!#∃,:,,,!:,,#∃#∃,∀∀771,%&7712571028,1028,,,,%&,(),#∃#∋∃(),(),71:[1].∋[M].:,2000.[2].[M].:,2004.[3].[A].[C].:,2000.408.[4].[M].:,2004.[5].1996-2000()[R].:,2000.[6],.,[A].[C].:,2003.[7].[A].[C].:,2000.120.[8].#∃[J].,2006,(1):20-28.[9].[M].:,1999.[10].[A].[C].:,2003.[11].[J].,1933,(13).[12].![A].[C].:,2002.262-264.[13].[A].[C].:,2003.66.[14].[M].:,1988.[15].#1996-2000()∃[A].[C].:,2000.98.[16].![A].[C].:,2000.80-82.[17].[J].,1963,(2).[18].[M].:,1959.[19].[M].:,2000.[20].[M].:,2000.(:)7220062