风景园林(景观设计)专业英语(第二版)--01-Frederick-Law-Olmsted

1FrederickLawOlmsted(1822~1903)Fatherofthelandscapearchitecture2CONTENTS•1.Introduction(Earlylife&education&Career&Majorpublications)•2.Ideas•3.MajorDesignWorks31.Introduction•Earlylife•OlmstedwasborninApril26,1822.Hisfather,JohnOlmsted,aprosperousmerchant,tookalivelyinterestinnature,people,andplaces,whichwasinheritedbybothFrederickLawandhisyoungerbrother,JohnHull.Hismother,CharlotteLaw(Hull)Olmsted,diedwhenhewasscarcelyfouryearsold.Hisfatherremarriedin1827toMaryAnnBull,whosharedherhusband'sstrongloveofnatureandhadperhapsamorecultivatedtaste.4•Education•WhentheyoungOlmstedwasalmostreadytoenterYaleCollege,asagraduateofPhillipsAcademyin1838,sumacpoisoningweakenedhiseyesandhegaveupcollegeplans.Afterworkingasaseaman,merchant,andjournalist,inJanuary1848OlmstedsettledonafarmonthesouthshoreofStatenIslandwhichhisfatherhelpedhimacquire.Thisfarm,originallynamedtheAkerlyHomestead,wasrenamedTosomockFarmbyOlmsted.ItwaslaterrenamedTheWoodsofArdenbyownerErastusWiman.(ThehouseinwhichOlmstedlivedstillstandstodayat4515HylanBlvd,nearWoodsofArdenRoad.)5•Career•1848-1855studiesmeasurement,engineering,chemistryandscientific•farmingrunafarminStatenIsland•1852establisheshisfirstwork《WalksandTalksofallAmerican•FarmerinEngland》•1852Dec.startsoutherntravelasareporterofTheNewYorkTimes•1855-1857astockholderofapublishingcompanyandachiefeditorof•《Putnam'sMonthlyMagazine》•1857NewYorkCity'sCentralParkManagementDirector•1856-1860publish3piecesofworksonsoutherntravelandsocialanalysis•1859-1861CentralPark'sChiefDesigner•1861-1863theheadoftheUSHealthCommittee•1863-1865manageroflargegoldMariposaestateinCalifornia•1865backtoNewYork,cooperatewithVauxandfinishedlotsofworks•1881movesfromNewYorktoBoston6TheAccomplishmentsofFrederickLawOlmsted•StateCityPark•CaliforniaPaloAltoStanfordUniversity•DistrictOfColumbiaWashingtonUSCapitol•GeorgiaAtlantaPlannedCommunity•IllinoisChicagoColombianExposition•RiversidePlannedCommunity•MassachusettsBeverlyMoraineFarm•BostonFenway•Jamaica•ArnoldArboretum•MuddyRiver•FranklinPark•NewYorkBrooklynProspectPark•BuffaloParkSystem•NewYorkCityCentralPark•NiagaraFallsStateReservation•NorthCarolinaAshevilleTheBiltmoreEstate•Quebec,CanadaMontrealMountRoyalPark7•Majorpublications•WalksandTalksofanAmericanFarmerinEngland,1852•AJourneyintheSeaboardSlaveStatesintheYears1853-54intwovolumes,1856•theBackCountry，1860•JourneythroughTexas,1969BACK82.Ideas•TheopportunitiesthatwillbeofferedbythePhiladelphiaParkfortheenjoymentofbeautifulnaturalscenery,willcertainlyberemarkablyextensive;itmustnecessarilyincludewithinitslimitsalargebodyofwater,withvariedandinterestingshores,andinwhateverdirectiontheadditionallandtobeacquiredmaybetaken,itcanhardlyfailtobeofanagreeablecharacter.Itisclearhowever,thatthelandscapeattractionsofsuchapublicpleasuregroundasyouhaveinview,mustconsistofsomethingmorethananaggregation[1]ofdisconnectedscrapsofscenery.[1]aggregation:总和BACK93.MajorDesignWorks•1858CentralPark,NewYorkCity•1866ProspectPark,NewYorkCity•1878TheEmeraldNecklace,Boston•1888TheWorld'sColumbianExhibition,Chicago10•Situatedbetween59thstreetand110streetsintheheartofNewYorkCity,CentralParkisarguablythemostwellknownofalltheparksthatOlmstedhadahandin.Althoughhewasthepark'ssuperintendent,hehadnohandinthecallforapark.AndrewJacksonDowningwastheoriginalforcebehindthepark.Heandhispartner,CalvertVauxweretosubmitadesignforthepark.In1852DowningdiedinariverboataccidentandVauxaskedOlmstedtotakehisplace.In1858theyenteredthecompetitiontodesignthepark,withanentrytheycalledGreensward,whichwaschosenasthepark'sdesign.CentralPark11CentralPark12CentralPark13CentralPark14CentralPark15CentralPark16CentralPark17CentralPark18CentralPark19CentralPark20CentralPark21CentralPark22CentralPark23CentralPark24CentralPark25CentralPark26CentralPark27ThedesignoftheparkhadmanyaspectsthatwouldbecometrademarksofOlmsted'sdesigns.Therewerewindingpaths,scenicviewsandlargeopenareasforpeopletorelaxin.Olmstedservedasthechiefarchitectfrom1858-1861,whichallowedhimtosupervisetheconstructionandtomakeanychangesthathefeltnecessary.OlmstedandVauxworkedoffandonwiththePark'sCommissiononthepark,buttherewasalotofpoliticalinfightingandfinallyin1877OlmstedandVauxwereformallydismissedfromtheproject.CentralParkBACK28Boston'sEmeraldNecklaceBoston'sEmeraldNecklace29•TheideaofaruralparkforthecityofBostonwasoriginatedinthe1850s.AtthetimeBostonpossessednomajorparksystemexceptfortheBostoncommon,whichhadbeenset-asidein1634.In1867,aparkbillforBostonwaspassedbytheMassachusettsStatelegislature.TheparkcommissionersaskOlmsted‘sadviceonareastobeconsideredaspossibleparksites.Boston'sEmeraldNecklace30•Inlate1875.OlmsteddesignedawholenewparksystemforBoston.HerecommendedimmediateapprovalofspecificareasalongtheCharlesRiver,inthemarshyBackBay,aroundJamaicaPond,andinWestRoxbury.Boston'sEmeraldNecklaceBoston'sEmeraldNecklace31•In1877,theparkcommissionersvotedtoapplythenameparkwaytotheentireseven-milecontinuouslinkageofparks.Thislinkagewasintheformofagiantsemi-circlethatranaroundthecity.ThecommissionersfullyendorsedwhatOlmstedhadconce